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Paleolithic divergence and multiple Neolithic expansions of ancestral nomadic emperor-related paternal lineages
Open accessAbstract
The reconstruction of demographic history using ancient and modern genomic resources reveals extensive interactions and admixture between ancient nomadic pastoralists and the social organizations of the Chinese Central Plain. However, the extent to which Y-chromosome genetic legacies from nomadic emperor-related ancestral lineages influence the Chinese paternal gene pool remains unclear. Here, we genotype 2717 ethnolinguistically diverse samples belonging to C2a lineages, perform whole-genome sequencing on 997 representative samples, and integrate these data with ancient genomic sequences. We reconstruct the evolutionary histories of Northern Zhou-, Qing emperor-, and pastoralist-related lineages to assess their genetic impact on modern Chinese populations. This reassembled fine-scale Y-chromosome phylogeny identifies deep divergence and five Neolithic expansion events contributing differently to the formation of northern Chinese populations. Phylogeographic modeling indicates that the nomadic empires of the Northern Zhou and Qing dynasties genetically originated from the Mongolian Plateau. Phylogenetic topology and shared haplotype patterns show that three upstream ancestors of Northern Zhou (C2a1a1b1a2a1b-FGC28857), Donghu tribe (C2a1a1b1-F1756), and Qing (C2a1a3a2-F10283) emperor-related lineages expanded during the middle Neolithic, contributing significantly to genetic flow between ancient northeastern Asians and modern East Asians. Notably, this study reveals limited direct contributions of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou's lineages to modern East Asians.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, M., Sun, Q., Feng, Y., Wei, L.-H., Liu, K., Luo, L., Huang, Y., Zhou, K., Yuan, H., Lv, H., Lu, Y., Cheng, J., Wen, S., Wang, C.-C., Tang, R., Bu, F., Liu, C., Yuan, H., Wang, Z., & He, G.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Inner Mongolia Normal University (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Mengge
- Bu, Fengxiao
- Liu, Chao
- Yuan, Huijun
- Wang, Zhiyong
- He, Guanglin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Genetics and Genomics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-04
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 502-512
- ISSN
- 1873-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1673-8527
- OpenAlex
- W4404769690
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University (ZYJC20002)
- Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China (2022FGKFKT05)
- National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences (82402203, 23&ZD203, ZD203)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82202078)
- Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program (2024NSFSC1518)
- Sichuan University (23SASA01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Keywords
- Y-chromosome phylogeny, Neolithic expansion, Northern Zhou dynasty, Qing dynasty, Mongolian Plateau, paternal lineages
- MeSH terms
- China, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Phylogeny, Chromosomes, Human, Y, Asian People, History, Ancient, Phylogeography
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