Stabilization and solidification remediation of soil contaminated with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)
Abstract
Remediation methods for soils contaminated with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are urgently needed to protect the surrounding environment and drinking water source areas from pollution. In this study, the stabilization and solidification (S/S) technique was tested on aged PFAS-contaminated soil that were artificially spiked with 14 PFAS. To further reduce leaching of PFASs in S/S-treated soil, seven different additives were tested at 2% concentration: powdered activated carbon (PAC), Rembind®, pulverized zeolite, chitosan, hydrotalcite, bentonite, and calcium chloride. Standardized leaching tests on S/S-treated soil revealed that leaching of 13 out of 14 target PFASs (excluding perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBA)) was reduced by, on average, 70% and 94% by adding PAC and Rembind®. Longer-chained PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which is considered persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic, were stabilized by 99.9% in all S/S treatments when PAC or Rembind® was used as an additive. The S/S stabilization efficiency depended on PFAS perfluorocarbon chain length and functional group, e.g., it increased on average by 11-15 % per CF 3 -moeity and was on average 49% higher for the perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs) than the perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs). Overall, the S/S treatment with active carbon-based additives showed excellent performance in reducing leaching of PFASs, without marked loss of physical matrix stability.
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Anion exchange sorbents are much more selective than GAC, especially for shorter-chain, anionic PFAS.
“In contrast, anion exchange sorbents are much more selective than GAC, especially for shorter-chain, anionic PFAS, leading to the popularity of GAC-based sorbents that have anion exchange capacity, such as RemBind™.20”
From Evaluation of sorbents and matrix effects for treating heavy metals and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances as co-contaminants in stormwater (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Sörengård, M., Kleja, D. B., & Ahrens, L.
- Affiliations
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Sörengård, Mattias
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 367
- Pages
- 639-646
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2907418593
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 7.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Hazardous Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- VINNOVA
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- powdered activated carbon, chitosan, hydrotalcite, bentonite, calcium chloride, PFOS, perfluorocarboxylates, chain length effects, soil additives
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