The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A sodium salt-assisted roasting approach followed by leaching for recovering spent LiFePO4 batteries
Abstract
Mild-temperature (<1000 °C) carbothermic reduction has been proven as an effective way to recover Li and transition metals by converting lithium transition metal oxides to transition metals/alloys and Li2CO3. However, LiFePO4 cannot be reduced by carbon because of its thermodynamically stable olivine structure. Herein, LiFePO4 is converted to Fe and lithium salts by carbon with the assistance of Na2CO3 that acts as an activating agent to break down the chemical bonds of LiFePO4 and thereby enable the carbothermic reduction. Using Na2CO3 as the activating agent, LiFePO4 was reduced to Fe, NaLi2PO4, and LiNa5(PO4)2 which can be separated by magnetic separation with a Li recovery rate of 99.2%. Using NaOH as the activating agent, LiFePO4 was oxidized to Fe3O4, NaLi2PO4 and LiNa5(PO4)2 at 600 °C, and the roasted products can be separated by magnetic separation process with a Li recovery rate of 92.7%. Various sodium salts were tested to screen proper salts for the reduction process, and a 400-g scale roasting-separation process has been demonstrated. Overall, the salt-assisted roasting is a promising way to recycle spent LiFePO4 batteries without using strong mineral acids and shows great potential for the industrial-scale implementation.
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Cites
Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries
Chen, M., Ma, X., Chen, B., Arsenault, R., Karlson, P., Simon, N., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.014 · Cited by 1,316
Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries
Zhang, X., Li, L., Fan, E., Xue, Q., Bian, Y., Wu, F., & Chen, R. (2018) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c8cs00297e · Cited by 1,038
Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries
Ciez, R. E., & Whitacre, J. F. (2019) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0222-5 · Cited by 965
Cited by
Mao, J., Ye, C., Zhang, S., Xie, F., Zeng, R., Davey, K., Guo, Z., & Qiao, S. (2022) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d2ee00162d · Cited by 365
Recycling of lithium iron phosphate batteries: Status, technologies, challenges, and prospects
Wang, M., Liu, K., Dutta, S., Alessi, D. S., Rinklebe, J., Ok, Y. S., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112515 · Cited by 361
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, B., Qu, X., Chen, X., Liu, D., Zhao, Z., Xie, H., Wang, D., & Yin, H.
- Venue
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 424
- Issue
- Pt C
- Pages
- 127586
- ISSN
- 0304-3894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3210443895
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 8.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Zhang, B., Qu, X., Chen, X., Liu, D., Zhao, Z., Xie, H., Wang, D., & Yin, H. (2022). A sodium salt-assisted roasting approach followed by leaching for recovering spent LiFePO4 batteries. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127586
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