Over-the-counter antibiotics in Saudi Arabia, an urgent call for policy makers
Open accessAbstract
Antibiotics over-consumption is a pandemic that has a tremendous cost on the overwhelmed healthcare system. The accessibility of antibiotics coupled with the misconception of public toward those drugs both of which implicated in the use and misuse of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of the community toward antibiotics, its purpose and harmfulness, in addition to the accessibility of those drugs as over the counter and without prescriptions. We also investigated the behavior toward antibiotic prescriptions when perceived unnecessary. This is a cross-sectional study in Riyadh-Saudi Arabia based upon a structured self-administered questionnaire. The study included 473 individuals with a mean age of 27 years old. Forty eight percent (n=227) of the participants obtain antibiotics without prescriptions. Ninety two percent (n=208) of those noted pharmacist counseling as their method of acquisition. Self-prescription noted in 8.4% (n=19). Viral illnesses accounted for the highest percentage for seeking antibiotics in 35.5% (n=166) more commonly among females. Thirty one point eight percent (n=149) used antibiotics for analgesia while 13.7% (n=64) believed in their prophylactic use. We also noted that the prevalence of sharing antibiotics is 19.7%. The perceived unnecessary prescriptions uncovered 122 of the participants who reported throwing the prescribed antibiotics away after acquisition. Dispensing antibiotics without prescription is an issue that mandates a political intervention and implementation of the existing laws that prohibit dispensing without proper prescription. We advocate public health measures targeting both healthcare providers and the public on the use and misuse of antibiotics.
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Nafisah et al. found no significant differences in antibiotic dispensing practices between chain and independent pharmacies in Saudi Arabia.
“This aligns with a study by Nafisah et al in Saudi Arabia, which found no significant differences in antibiotic dispensing practices between chain and independent pharmacies. 20”
From Evaluation of antibiotic dispensing without prescription by community pharmacies: a simulated patient study (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
The Introduction describes a study of community antibiotic self-purchasing, and the 'Method for obtaining antibiotics' section compares participants by gender, age, and education. Neither those passages nor the Discussion reports a comparison of dispensing practices between chain and independent pharmacies (searched for both pharmacy types and dispensing differences). (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Bin Nafisah, S., Bin Nafesa, S., Alamery, A. H., Alhumaid, M. A., AlMuhaidib, H. M., & Al-Eidan, F. A.
- Affiliations
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (SA)
- Venue
- Journal of Infection and Public Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 522-526
- ISSN
- 1876-0341 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2583672991
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Infection and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacy and Medical Practices
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- antibiotic misuse, over-the-counter antibiotics, self-medication, antibiotic prescribing, pharmacist counseling, antibiotic prophylaxis, antibiotic disposal, prescription law, Saudi Arabia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Nonprescription Drugs, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Legislation, Drug, Male, Middle Aged, Public Opinion, Saudi Arabia, Self Medication, Medication Adherence, Young Adult, Patient Medication Knowledge
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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