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A platform for rapid detection of multiple oncogenic mutations with relevance to targeted therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer.
Open accessAbstract
The identification of somatically acquired tumor mutations is increasingly important in the clinical management of cancer because the sensitivity of targeted drugs is related to the genetic makeup of individual tumors. Thus, mutational profiles of tumors can help prioritize anticancer therapy. We report herein the development and validation of two multiplexed assays designed to detect in DNA from FFPE tissue more than 40 recurrent mutations in nine genes relevant to existing and emerging targeted therapies in lung cancer. The platform involves two methods: a screen (SNaPshot) based on multiplex PCR, primer extension, and capillary electrophoresis that was designed to assess for 38 somatic mutations in eight genes (AKT1, BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, MEK1, NRAS, PIK3CA, and PTEN) and a PCR-based sizing assay that assesses for EGFR exon 19 deletions, EGFR exon 20 insertions, and HER2 exon 20 insertions. Both the SNaPshot and sizing assays can be performed rapidly, with minimal amounts of genetic material. Compared with direct sequencing, in which mutant DNA needs to compose 25% or more of the total DNA to easily detect a mutation, the SNaPshot and sizing assays can detect mutations in samples in which mutant DNA composes 1.56% to 12.5% and 1.56% to 6.25% of the total DNA, respectively. These robust, reliable, and relatively inexpensive assays should help accelerate adoption of a genotype-driven approach in the treatment of lung cancer.
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“Indeed, pre-clinical reports have suggested that “third generation” agents can induce switching to multiple signaling mechanisms that bypass EGFR dependency such as ERK and AKT pathways (35, 61, 62).”
From AZD9291, an Irreversible EGFR TKI, Overcomes T790M-Mediated Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors in Lung Cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [61]
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MethodImplications of MDSCs-targeting in lung cancer chemo-immunotherapeutics
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Intratumoral heterogeneity of KRAS mutation is rare in non-small-cell lung cancer
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Novel Method for PIK3CA Mutation Analysis
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“Lung cancers are reflexively screened for more than 40 mutations in 10 genes using a variety of molecular methods (SNaPshot, sizing assay, and FISH) in the CLIA- and CAPcertified laboratories (15).”
MethodNovel EPHB4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Mutations and Kinomic Pathway Analysis in Lung Cancer
Ferguson, B. D., Tan, Y. C., Kanteti, R., Liu, R., Gayed, M. J., Vokes, E. E., Ferguson, M. K., Iafrate, A. J., Gill, P. S., & Salgia, R. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10641 · Cited by 23
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Clinical Utility of a Blood-Based BRAFV600E Mutation Assay in Melanoma
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“6 approximately 40-50% tumor cellularity to account for heterozygosity and stromal and lymphoid elements typically present in melanoma metastases.(9-15) While most metastatic tumor biopsies have little trouble meeting this benchmark, analysis of primary melanomas and microscopically involved sentinel nodes are less re…”
BackgroundChmielecki, J., Pietanza, M. C., Aftab, D. T., Shen, R., Zhao, Z., Chen, X., Hutchinson, K. E., Viale, A. J., Kris, M. G., Stout, T. J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0b013e31823c5aee · Cited by 21
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“Mutations in other genes are involved in modulating therapeutic response to inhibitors of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway (Su et al., 2011).”
de Montpréville, V., Ghigna, M., Lacroix, L., Lemoine, A., Besse, B., Mercier, O. M., Fadel, É., Dorfmüller, P., & Chevalier, T. L. (2017) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2017.03.011 · Cited by 19
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“Metastatic 7 (47) 8 (53) 3 (20) 12 (80) 4 (51) 11 (51)”
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“…from LINCS (A375, A549, HCC515, HEPG2, HT29, MCF7, PC3, and VCAP) were compiled from the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) [30], [31, 32, 39, 70], and whole exome sequencing for SCC1 (personal communication with Carey and Brenner Labs, publication in process) in Supplementary…”
Cernomaz, A. T., Macovei, I. I., Pavel, I., Grigoriu, C., Marinca, M. V., Baty, F., Péter, S., Zonda, R., Brutsche, M. H., & Grigoriu, B. D. (2016) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0250-0 · Cited by 16
“Comparing the two targeted methods alone SNaPshot showed similar results to qPCR at a significantly smaller price per sample and somewhat higher workload [34] but for low tumor cell content samples it may lack sensitivity.”
ResultLammers, P. E., Lovly, C. M., & Horn, L. (2014) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2014.0002 · Cited by 15
Sehn, J. K., Abel, H., & Duncavage, E. J. (2014) · Experimental and Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.05.008 · Cited by 14
Molecular Testing of Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Biopsy and Cytology Specimens
Wistuba, I. I. (2012) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.14694/edbook_am.2012.32.44 · Cited by 14
Rapid targeted somatic mutation analysis of solid tumors in routine clinical diagnostics
Magliacane, G., Grassini, G., Bartocci, P., Francaviglia, I., Cin, E. D., Barbieri, G., Arrigoni, G., Pecciarini, L., Doglioni, C., & Cangi, M. G. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5190 · Cited by 13
“Efficient approaches for point mutations analysis are generally not optimal for insertions/deletions [23].”
BackgroundMistry, A. M., Vnencak‐Jones, C. L., & Mobley, B. C. (2018) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-018-2796-6 · Cited by 13
“The SNaPshot assay has a reported sensitivity of 5–10%, thereby requiring a tumor burden greater than that level to enable the detection of a clonal population of cells with a pathogenic variant [12].”
BackgroundMolecular Diagnostic Testing in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Naidoo, J., & Drilon, A. E. D. C. (2014) · American Journal of Hematology / Oncology® · Cited by 13
Gallant, J., Sewell, A. B., Almodovar, K., Wang, Q., Dahlman, K. B., Abramson, R. G., Kapp, M., Brown, B. T., Boyd, K. L., Gilbert, J., et al. (2019) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-019-0077-2 · Cited by 13
The Future of Molecular Analysis in Melanoma: Diagnostics to Direct Molecularly Targeted Therapy
Akabane, H., & Sullivan, R. J. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0159-z · Cited by 12
“An assay with similar capabilities is SNaPshot, which is a multiplex mutational profiling based on the applied biosystems SNaPshot platform that utilizes a fluorescence technology to detect hotspot mutations of multiple genes simultaneously [73].”
MethodLian, D., & Shu-jin, Z. (2014) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c4an00400k · Cited by 12
Teneng, I., Picchi, M. A., Leng, S., Dagucon, C. P., Ramalingam, S. S., Tellez, C. S., & Belinsky, S. A. (2019) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.006 · Cited by 11
Current applications of molecular pathology in colorectal carcinoma
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“One example of a multigene assay is the SNapShot platform [89], which is a combination of multiplex PCR amplification of tumor DNA with single base extension of the PCR product following by capillary electrophoresis (Fig.”
MethodSouza, C. D. P., Cinegaglia, N., Felix, T. F., Evangelista, A. F., de Oliveira, R. A., Hasimoto, É. N., Catâneo, D. C., Catâneo, A. J. M., Scapulatempo‐Neto, C., Viana, C. R., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12092711 · Cited by 10
“EGFR exon 19 deletions were evaluated using previously described primers [45].”
MethodInfluentialAdvancing Personalized Cancer Medicine in Lung Cancer
MacConaill, L. E. (2012) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0244-sa · Cited by 10
Tessema, M., Rossi, M. R., Picchi, M. A., Yingling, C. M., Lin, Y., Ramalingam, S. S., & Belinsky, S. A. (2018) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.07.011 · Cited by 10
“…in detail [42, 43], These assays include the SNaPshot (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) multiplex PCR with single base primer extension, [44] the TruSight (lllumina Inc, San Diego, CA) tumor target amplicon-based library preparation kit, the HaloPlex Cancer NGS (Agilent Technologies,…”
MethodPress, R. H., Zhang, C., Cassidy, R. J., Ferris, M. J., Zhong, J., Steuer, C. E., Pillai, R. N., Owonikoko, T. K., Kahn, S., Ramalingam, S. S., et al. (2018) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.31589 · Cited by 10
“The SNaPshot Multiplex Panel is a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay using single base primer excision and has been previously described.(13) Both panels have been validated previously at the study institution.”
MethodBRAF V600E mutations: a series of case reports in patients with non–small cell lung cancer
Goldman, J. M., & Gray, J. E. (2015) · Cancer Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.04.001 · Cited by 10
McKinley, E. T., Watchmaker, J. M., Chakravarthy, A. B., Meyerhardt, J. A., Engelman, J. A., Walker, R. C., Washington, M. K., Coffey, R. J., & Manning, H. C. (2015) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-015-0974-6 · Cited by 9
Multiplex Detection of DNA Mutations by the Fluorescence Fingerprint Spectrum Technique
Song, J., Zhang, J., Lv, F., Cheng, Y., Wang, B., Feng, L., Liu, L., & Wang, S. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201305461 · Cited by 9
Massive Dissemination From Spinal Cord Gangliogliomas Negative for BRAF V600E
Lummus, S. C., Aisner, D. L., Sams, S. B., Foreman, N. K., Lillehei, K. O., & Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B. K. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1309/ajcpibsv67uvjrqv · Cited by 9
Alzumaili, B., Fisch, A. S., Faquin, W. C., Nosé, V., Randolph, G. W., & Sadow, P. M. (2024) · Endocrine Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12022-024-09821-4 · Cited by 8
“…Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC) and Xpres-sion Atlas (XA), ThyroSeq, SNaPshot v2, Genexus NGS v1, PGDx NGS v1, and Solid Fusion Assay NGS v3 [20–28], Thyroid Imaging Reporting & Data System (TI-RADS) score, thyroid function (thyroid stimulating hormone; TSH levels), operation performed…”
Anazawa, T., Matsunaga, H., Yamamoto, S., & Inaba, R. (2020) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c9lc00853e · Cited by 8
Andolfo, I., Lasorsa, V. A., Manna, F., Rosato, B. E., Formicola, D., Iolascon, A., & Capasso, M. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.15297 · Cited by 8
Molecular pathology as the driving force for personalized oncology
Oktay, M. H., & Hui, P. (2012) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1586/erm.12.121 · Cited by 7
Goff, L. W., Cardin, D. B., Whisenant, J. G., Du, L., Koyama, T., Dahlman, K. B., Salaria, S. N., Young, R. T., Ciombor, K. K., Gilbert, J., et al. (2016) · Investigational New Drugs · doi:10.1007/s10637-016-0406-z · Cited by 7
Shah, A. T., Blanchard, I., Padda, S. K., Wakelee, H. A., & Neal, J. W. (2024) · Clinical Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2024.06.006 · Cited by 6
Genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma with a micropapillary component
Furukawa, M., Toyooka, S., Ichimura, K., Yamamoto, H., Soh, J., Hashida, S., Ouchida, M., Shien, K., Asano, H., Tsukuda, K., et al. (2015) · Molecular and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.3892/mco.2015.690 · Cited by 6
“Using DNA derived from frozen tumor specimens, genotyping was performed by SNaPshot, a targeted mutational analysis assay designed by Su et al (15).”
MethodCUSTOM-SEQ: a prototype for oncology rapid learning in a comprehensive EHR environment
Warner, J. L., Wang, L. L., Pao, W. J., Sosman, J. A., Atreya, R. V., Carney, P., & Levy, M. A. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw008 · Cited by 5
“A total of 4310 patients were identified as having undergone SNaPshot testing and meeting the Current Procedural Terminology inclusion criteria as of August 21, 2015; the first specimen was tested in July 2010.(21,22) The majority of specimens had zero or one cancer mutation detected; a minority (N1⁄4 327) had two or…”
MethodRexer, B. N., Chanthaphaychith, S., Dahlman, K. B., & Arteaga, C. L. (2014) · Apple Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17138-4 · Cited by 6
Wang, Y., Zhou, P., Cui, C., He, X.-X., Bian, Y., & Wang, X. (2021) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr-21-724 · Cited by 6
“The inclusion criteria were as follows: (I) patients meeting the 2002 WHO diagnostic criteria for NSCLC, and diagnosed with NSCLC by postoperative pathological examination (7); (II) patients who received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 2 months prior to the study, and were not taking any drugs that affect hormo…”
MethodMolecular analysis of EGFR gene in different types of tumor material from NSCLC patients
DOLESOVA, L., Konečný, M., Markus, J., Závodná, K., Böhmer, D., & Repiská, V. (2015) · Neoplasma · doi:10.4149/neo_2015_052 · Cited by 5
“possibility of multiplexing of 4 or more analyzed position in single run [27].”
BackgroundMethodMultiplex mutation screening by mass spectrometry in gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Kang, G., Lee, J., Jang, K. T., Beadling, C., Corless, C. L., Heinrich, M. C., Park, J. O., Kang, W. K., Park, C. K., & Kim, K.-M. (2012) · Pathology · doi:10.1097/pat.0b013e3283559c45 · Cited by 5
“Compared with direct sequencing for all of the mutations represented in a panel, this approach is robust, rapid, relatively inexpensive, and can readily identify mutations with limited amounts of DNA.(1,3) Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumours in the gastrointestinal tract, a…”
BackgroundInfluentialAdvanced Biomarkers and Precision Medicine: Innovative Strategies to Prevent Cancer Recurrence
Shankar Ganesh, M., Revanth, R., & Bharathi, C. M. E. (2025) · Journal of cancer research updates · doi:10.30683/1929-2279.2025.14.01 · Cited by 4
Panel Sequencing for Targeted Therapy Selection in Solid Tumors
Willard, N., Sholl, L. M., & Aisner, D. L. (2022) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2022.04.004 · Cited by 4
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The PIK3CA/AKT pathway drives therapy resistance in rhabdomyosarcoma
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“To assess if similar mechanisms were causing acquired OT resistance in RMS, we leveraged the MGH clinical-grade single base primer extension assay (SNaPshot) to access genomic mutations in 120 commonly mutated cancer oncogenes and tumor suppressors 36,37 .”
Zhang, G.-J., Pannucci, A., Ivanov, A. A., Switchenko, J. M., Sun, S.-Y., Sica, G. L., Liu, Z.-T., Huang, Y., Schmitz, J. C., & Owonikoko, T. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17030446 · Cited by 1
“We correlated the IC 50 of PLK1 inhibitors with genetic alterations that we previously established in our cell lines using a targeted DNA sequencing platform [30,54].”
Suzawa, K., Yamamoto, H., Murakami, T., Katayama, H., Furukawa, M., Shien, K., Hashida, S., Okabe, K., Aoe, K., Soh, J., et al. (2015) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2015.3955 · Cited by 3
“The Snapshot assay reagents were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, USA), and performed as described previously (10).”
Sequencing Strategies to Guide Decision Making in Cancer Treatment
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Section IV: Non–small cell lung cancer and malignant melanoma
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“hybridization probes of different colors [4, 25], pyrosequencing [26], or primer extension [27], among other strategies) require the use of multiple tubes to achieve analysis of just a subset of all possible cancer-related mutations.”
BackgroundAdequate tissue for adequate diagnosis: what do we really need?
Roemen, G. M. J. M., Hausen, A. Z., & Speel, E. M. (2015) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10010014 · Cited by 2
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“detect multiple mutations in the same sample (112-116).”
BackgroundPredictive Tumor Biomarkers for EGFR Inhibitors
Kim, L., Liu, G., & Tsao, M. (2014) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1002/9781118468791.ch28 · Cited by 2
Limits of Dideoxysequencing in the Detection of Somatic Mutations in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
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The Molecular Pathology of Lung Cancer: Pre-analytic Considerations
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“…old, age cutoff was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) definition to provide a consistent benchmark for statistical analysis [13, 14]; [3] The patients had not been treated with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy or bio-immu-notherapy before the operation; [4] The clinical…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Su, Z., Dias-Santagata, D., Duke, M., Hutchinson, K., Lin, Y.-L., Borger, D. R., Chung, C. H., Massion, P. P., Vnencak-Jones, C. L., Iafrate, A. J., & Pao, W.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pao, William
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 74-84
- ISSN
- 1525-1578 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3070558
- OpenAlex
- W2033780390
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 23.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Diagnostics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/National Cancer Institute (R01 CA121210, P01 CA129243, U54 CA143798, CA102353, RC2-CA148394-01)
- VICC Specialized Program of Research Excellence in Lung Cancer (CA90949)
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Core (CA68485)
- V Foundation
- TJ Martell Foundation
- Kleberg Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- non-small cell lung cancer, somatic mutations, targeted therapy, snapshots, EGFR exon 19 deletion, EGFR exon 20 insertion, HER2 exon 20 insertion, AKT1, BRAF, KRAS, MEK1, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue
- MeSH terms
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, DNA, Neoplasm, Genetic Testing, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Mutation, Reproducibility of Results, Cell Line, Tumor, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
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