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A platform for rapid detection of multiple oncogenic mutations with relevance to targeted therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer.
Open accessAbstract
The identification of somatically acquired tumor mutations is increasingly important in the clinical management of cancer because the sensitivity of targeted drugs is related to the genetic makeup of individual tumors. Thus, mutational profiles of tumors can help prioritize anticancer therapy. We report herein the development and validation of two multiplexed assays designed to detect in DNA from FFPE tissue more than 40 recurrent mutations in nine genes relevant to existing and emerging targeted therapies in lung cancer. The platform involves two methods: a screen (SNaPshot) based on multiplex PCR, primer extension, and capillary electrophoresis that was designed to assess for 38 somatic mutations in eight genes (AKT1, BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, MEK1, NRAS, PIK3CA, and PTEN) and a PCR-based sizing assay that assesses for EGFR exon 19 deletions, EGFR exon 20 insertions, and HER2 exon 20 insertions. Both the SNaPshot and sizing assays can be performed rapidly, with minimal amounts of genetic material. Compared with direct sequencing, in which mutant DNA needs to compose 25% or more of the total DNA to easily detect a mutation, the SNaPshot and sizing assays can detect mutations in samples in which mutant DNA composes 1.56% to 12.5% and 1.56% to 6.25% of the total DNA, respectively. These robust, reliable, and relatively inexpensive assays should help accelerate adoption of a genotype-driven approach in the treatment of lung cancer.
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“Indeed, pre-clinical reports have suggested that “third generation” agents can induce switching to multiple signaling mechanisms that bypass EGFR dependency such as ERK and AKT pathways (35, 61, 62).”
From AZD9291, an Irreversible EGFR TKI, Overcomes T790M-Mediated Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors in Lung Cancer (2014) · cites this paper as [61]
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“exon19 del 103 (10) [9-12] 68 (9) [7-12]”
Self-citationLindeman, N. I., Cagle, P. T., Beasley, M. B., Chitale, D. A., Dacic, S., Giaccone, G., Jenkins, R. B., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Saldivar, J.-S., Squire, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0b013e318290868f · Cited by 1,280
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“INTRODUCTION High-throughput tumor genotyping is becoming an integral part of the initial clinical management of cancer patients [1, 2].”
BackgroundGarcia, E. P., Minkovsky, A., Jia, Y., Ducar, M. D., Shivdasani, P., Gong, X., Ligon, A. H., Sholl, L. M., Kuo, F. C., MacConaill, L. E., et al. (2017) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2016-0527-oa · Cited by 521
“Previous methods of mutation detection across multiple genes include multiplex hotspot sequencing, including mass spectrometry–based sequencing methods(6) and multiplex single-base pair extension sequencing.(7) The availability of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has further increased the number of genes an…”
MethodLi, T., Kung, H., Mack, P. C., & Gandara, D. R. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.45.3753 · Cited by 522
Arcila, M. E., Chaft, J. E., Nafa, K., Roy-Chowdhuri, S., Lau, C., Zaidinski, M., Paik, P. K., Zakowski, M. F., Kris, M. G., & Ladanyi, M. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0912 · Cited by 505
“Testing by fragment analysis followed a protocol similar to EGFR testing with fluorescently labeled HER2 primers (29, 30).”
MethodArcila, M. E., Nafa, K., Chaft, J. E., Rekhtman, N., Lau, C., Reva, B. A., Zakowski, M. F., Kris, M. G., & Ladanyi, M. (2013) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0620 · Cited by 473
Lindeman, N. I., Cagle, P. T., Beasley, M. B., Chitale, D. A., Đačić, S., Giaccone, G., Jenkins, R. B., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Saldivar, J., Squire, J. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.03.001 · Cited by 461
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“NRAS mutations, along with other mutations, also were screened using a SNapShot-based (32, 38) or mass spectrometry-based (Sequenom) assays (39).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationSholl, L. M., Aisner, D. L., Varella-Garcia, M., Berry, L. D., Dias-Santagata, D., Wistuba, I. I., Chen, H., Fujimoto, J., Kugler, K., Franklin, W. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0000000000000516 · Cited by 430
Lindeman, N. I., Cagle, P. T., Beasley, M. B., Chitale, D. A., Đačić, S., Giaccone, G., Jenkins, R. B., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Saldivar, J., Squire, J. A., et al. (2013) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0720-oa · Cited by 426
Eberlein, C. A., Stetson, D., Markovets, A. A., Al-Kadhimi, K. J., Lai, Z., Fisher, P. R., Meador, C. B., Spitzler, P. J., Ichihara, E., Ross, S. J., et al. (2015) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3167 · Cited by 310
“Genetic analysis SnaPshotmutation analysis was carried as previously described (25).”
Ellison, G., Zhu, G., Moulis, A., Dearden, S., Speake, G., & McCormack, R. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201194 · Cited by 301
Kerr, K. M., Bubendorf, L., Edelman, M. J., Marchetti, A., Mok, T. S. K., Novello, S., O'Byrne, K. J., Stahel, R. A., Peters, S., Felip, E., et al. (2014) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu145 · Cited by 306
“) for detection of specific alterations [92] or targeted resequencing by NGS allows parallel testing for panels of validated genetic alterations which are therapeutic biomarkers.”
BackgroundIntra- and Inter-Tumor Heterogeneity of BRAFV600EMutations in Primary and Metastatic Melanoma
Yancovitz, M., Litterman, A. J., Yoon, J., Ng, E., Shapiro, R. L., Berman, R. S., Pavlick, A. C., Darvishian, F., Christos, P. J., Mazumdar, M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029336 · Cited by 287
“Other investigators have also demonstrated that SNaPshot technology is more sensitive than sequencing in detecting mutations in tumor specimens [17,18].”
BackgroundOncogene status predicts patterns of metastatic spread in treatment‐naive nonsmall cell lung cancer
Doebele, R. C., Lu, X. J. D., Sumey, C. J., Maxson, D. A., Weickhardt, A. J., Oton, A. B., Bunn, P. A., Barón, A. E., Franklin, W. A., Aisner, D. L., et al. (2012) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.27409 · Cited by 280
“No imaging 8 (20) 12 (31) 8 (16) 27 (34) 55 (27)”
Pritchard, C. C., Salipante, S. J., Koehler, K. M., Smith, C., Scroggins, S. M., Wood, B. L., Wu, D., Lee, M. K., Dintzis, S. M., Adey, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.08.004 · Cited by 277
“Most currently available multiplexed clinical assays examine only a limited number of specific sites in a relatively small number of genes.(13,14) More recently, next-generation sequencing assays have been developed for detecting cancer-associated mutations in clinical specimens in a more comprehensive manner, but the…”
BackgroundRationale for co-targeting IGF-1R and ALK in ALK fusion-positive lung cancer
Lovly, C. M., McDonald, N. T., Chen, H., Ortiz-Cuaran, S., Heukamp, L. C., Yan, Y., Florin, A., Ozretić, L., Lim, D., Wang, L., et al. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3667 · Cited by 268
Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer
Nana-Sinkam, S. P., & Powell, C. A. (2013) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.12-2346 · Cited by 251
The IGNITE network: a model for genomic medicine implementation and research
on behalf of the IGNITE Network, Weitzel, K. W., Alexander, M., Bernhardt, B. A., Calman, N., Carey, D. J., Cavallari, L. H., Field, J. R., Hauser, D., Junkins, H., et al. (2015) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-015-0162-5 · Cited by 251
“The Personalized Cancer Medicine Initiative (PCMI) provides routine, multiplexed tumor gene mutation testing for patients with various cancer diagnoses, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma.[12, 13] The Pharmacogenomic Resource for Enhanced Decisions In Care and Treatment (PREDICT) program provide…”
MethodClinical cancer genomic profiling
Chakravarty, D., & Solit, D. B. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00338-8 · Cited by 241
Thunnissen, E., Kerr, K. M., Herth, F. J. F., Lantuéjoul, S., Papotti, M. G., Rintoul, R. C., Rossi, G., Skov, B. G., Weynand, B., Bubendorf, L., et al. (2011) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.10.017 · Cited by 228
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“Positive cases were characterized via Sanger sequencing with the primers FW1:50-CATTCA TGCGTCTTCACCTG-30 and REV1:50-GTATA GGGGTACCGTTTGAG-30.”
MethodLovly, C. M., Dahlman, K. B., Fohn, L. E., Su, Z., Dias-Santagata, D. C., Hicks, D. J., Hucks, D., Berry, E., Terry, C. R., Duke, M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035309 · Cited by 203
“Here, we present development, validation, and clinical implementation of a disease-specific SNaPshot-based screen [23,24] to assess melanoma tumor samples simultaneously for 43 somatic recurrent point mutations in 6 genes with relevance to targeted therapy.”
InfluentialPatil, T., Smith, D. E., Bunn, P. A., Aisner, D. L., Le, A. T., Hancock, M., Purcell, W. T., Bowles, D. W., Camidge, D. R., & Doebele, R. C. (2018) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.07.001 · Cited by 205
Suehara, Y., Arcila, M. E., Wang, L., Hasanovic, A., Ang, D. C., Ito, T., Kimura, Y., Drilon, A. E. D. C., Guha, U., Rusch, V. W., et al. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0838 · Cited by 181
“[7] Su Z, Dias-Santagata D, Duke M, Hutchinson K, Lin YL, Borger DR, et al.”
BackgroundMethodPrioritizing targets for precision cancer medicine
André, F., Mardis, E. R., Salm, M. P., Soria, J., Siu, L. L., & Swanton, C. (2014) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu478 · Cited by 169
“Early examples of hot spot focused multigene diagnostic assays were devised on mass-spectrometry platforms such as the Sequenom MassArray genotyping instrument [8] or on capillary sequencers [9].”
MethodMAP2K1 ( MEK1 ) Mutations Define a Distinct Subset of Lung Adenocarcinoma Associated with Smoking
Arcila, M. E., Drilon, A. E. D. C., Sylvester, B. E., Lovly, C. M., Borsu, L. A., Reva, B. A., Kris, M. G., Solit, D. B., & Ladanyi, M. (2014) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2124 · Cited by 144
Existing and Emerging Technologies for Tumor Genomic Profiling
MacConaill, L. E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.46.5948 · Cited by 144
“Indeed, multiple cancer centers worldwide have instituted such technologies to anchor their initial precision cancer medicine initiatives.(5,26-32) Several of these programs have implemented enterprise-wide projects to systematically profile patient tumor samples for mutations in potentially actionable or informative…”
BackgroundCharacteristics of Lung Cancers Harboring NRAS Mutations
Ohashi, K., Sequist, L. V. D., Arcila, M. E., Lovly, C. M., Chen, X., Rudin, C. M., Morán, T., Camidge, D. R., Vnencak‐Jones, C. L., Berry, L. D., et al. (2013) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3173 · Cited by 147
“5 Range 30–91 Race N 1⁄4 30 Caucasian 13 (64) Asian 5 (27) African American 3 (9) Unknown 8 Smoking history N 1⁄4 30 Never 1 (5) Former 7 (33) Current 11 (52) Yes 2 (10) Unknown 9 Pack-years N 1⁄4 19 Median 34 Range 0–163”
Oncogenic KRAS and BRAF Drive Metabolic Reprogramming in Colorectal Cancer
Hutton, J. E., Wang, X., Zimmerman, L. J., Slebos, R. J. C., Trenary, I. A., Young, J. D., Li, M., & Liebler, D. C. (2016) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m116.058925 · Cited by 139
EGFR-mutated oncogene-addicted non-small cell lung cancer: Current trends and future prospects
Soria, J., Mok, T. S. K., Cappuzzo, F., & Janne, P. A. (2011) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.10.003 · Cited by 131
Clinical Analysis and Interpretation of Cancer Genome Data
Allen, E. M. V., Wagle, N., & Levy, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2013.48.7215 · Cited by 128
Villaruz, L. C., Socinski, M. A., Abberbock, S. R., Berry, L. D., Johnson, B. E., Kwiatkowski, D. J., Iafrate, A. J., Varella‐Garcia, M., Franklin, W. A., Camidge, D. R., et al. (2014) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29042 · Cited by 127
“median (range) 65 (42-80) 63 (31-86) 65 (26-86) 54 (23-76) 60 (28-84) 64 (18-93) 62 (41-78)”
Hensing, T. A., Chawla, A., Batra, R., & Salgia, R. (2013) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8778-4_5 · Cited by 127
State of the art in medical applications using non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma
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“…can cause cancer, and these mutations include those to the TP53 (tumor suppressor protein p53), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) genes in cancerous cells (Loeb et al. 2003; Su et al. 2011; Carneiro et al. 2014; Arena et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2016).”
BackgroundRoengvoraphoj, M., Tsongalis, G. J., Dragnev, K. H., & Rigas, J. R. (2013) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.05.001 · Cited by 121
Combining Highly Multiplexed PCR with Semiconductor-Based Sequencing for Rapid Cancer Genotyping
Beadling, C., Neff, T. L., Heinrich, M. C., Rhodes, K., Thornton, M., Leamon, J. H., Andersen, M., & Corless, C. L. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2012.09.003 · Cited by 119
The potential of exploiting DNA-repair defects for optimizing lung cancer treatment
Postel-Vinay, S. C., Vanhecke, E., Olaussen, K. A., Lord, C. J., Ashworth, A., & Soria, J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.3 · Cited by 119
“In addition to IHC assays, high-throughput DNA sequencing platforms, multiplexed assays designed for NSCLC (such as the SNaPshot/PCR-based platform described by Su et al”
MethodMassarelli, E., Johnson, F. M., Erickson, H. S., Wistuba, I. I., & Papadimitrakopoulou, V. (2013) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.01.018 · Cited by 110
The evolving genomic classification of lung cancer
Shames, D. S., & Wistuba, I. I. (2013) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.4275 · Cited by 108
“A number of multiplexed PCR-based assays are available, including SNaPshot (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), which detects hotspot mutation sites in key cancer genes using fluorescentlylabelled primer extension products [96], and Sequenom MassARRAY (Sequenom Inc, San Diego, CA, USA), which analyses primer…”
MethodDetection of low prevalence somatic mutations in solid tumors with ultra-deep targeted sequencing
Harismendy, O., Schwab, R. B., Bao, L., Olson, J., Rozenzhak, S., Kotsopoulos, S. K., Pond, S. J. K., Crain, B., Chee, M. S., Messer, K. S., et al. (2011) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-12-r124 · Cited by 96
“While most available clinical assays interrogate one or only a few commonly mutated loci in cancers, two published clinical assays, SNaPShot [3] and OncoMap [4], respectively target 38 mutations in 8 genes by single base extension assays and approximately 400 mutations in 33 genes by mass spectrometry.”
BackgroundTranslating genomic information into clinical medicine: Lung cancer as a paradigmPreprint
Levy, M. A., Lovly, C. M., & Pao, W. J. (2012) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.131128.111 · Cited by 89
“…directed cancer treatment at Vanderbilt The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center was faced with the challenges discussed above when we implemented ‘‘first-generation’’ (SNaPshot-based) tumor gene mutation testing for NSCLC in our CLIA-certified molecular diagnostics lab in July 2010 (Su et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodOwonikoko, T. K., Zhang, G., Kim, H. S., Stinson, R., Bechara, R. I., Zhang, C., Chen, Z., Saba, N. F., Pakkala, S., Pillai, R. N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0861-5 · Cited by 89
“Sample preparation and genetic mutation identification followed previously described methodologies [16].”
MethodFrequency and outcomes of brain metastases in patients with HER2‐mutant lung cancers
Offin, M. D., Feldman, D., Ni, A., Myers, M. L., Lai, W. V., Pentsova, E. I., Boire, A. A., Daras, M., Jordan, E., Solit, D. B., et al. (2019) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.32461 · Cited by 89
“Age, median (range), y 65 (24-90) 63 (34-85) 67 (35-90) 63 (24-89)”
Bauman, J. E., Arias‐Pulido, H., Lee, S. J., Fekrazad, M. H., Ozawa, H., Fertig, E. J., Howard, J. D., Bishop, J. A., Wang, H., Olson, G. T., et al. (2013) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.12.016 · Cited by 87
“PIK3CA and HRAS mutations were analyzed using DNA isolated from paraffin-embedded tissues as previously described.(29,30) The association of each mutation with RECIST was quantified with a Fisher’s exact test that defined groups as (1) wildtype vs.”
Prospective Enterprise-Level Molecular Genotyping of a Cohort of Cancer Patients
MacConaill, L. E., Garcia, E., Shivdasani, P., Ducar, M. D., Adusumilli, R., Breneiser, M., Byrne, M. N., Chung, L. P., Conneely, J., Crosby, L., et al. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.06.004 · Cited by 89
The Tissue Is the Issue: Personalized Medicine for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Hirsch, F. R., Wynes, M. W., Gandara, D. R., & Bunn, P. A. (2010) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2005 · Cited by 82
Integrating cancer genomic data into electronic health records
Warner, J. L., Jain, S. K., & Levy, M. A. (2016) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0371-3 · Cited by 84
“Although the turnaround is relatively fast, PCR can only be scaled to “ hotspot ” testing of 40 – 50 variants, such as the SNaPshot test [42].”
MethodRexer, B. N., Chanthaphaychith, S., Dahlman, K. B., & Arteaga, C. L. (2014) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/bcr3601 · Cited by 80
“This assay involves multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplexed single-base primer extension, followed by capillary electrophoresis [27-29]; Vandana G Abramson et al.”
MethodWarner, J. L., Levy, M. A., & Neuss, M. N. (2016) · Journal of Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/jop.2015.004622 · Cited by 79
Aisner, D. L., & Sams, S. B. (2012) · Diagnostic Cytopathology · doi:10.1002/dc.22820 · Cited by 76
Serizawa, M., Koh, Y., Kenmotsu, H., Isaka, M., Murakami, H., Akamatsu, H., Mori, K. P., Abe, M., Hayashi, I., Taira, T., et al. (2014) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28604 · Cited by 74
“We developed a tumor genotyping panel to screen patients with lung cancer for genetic alterations relevant to novel molecular-targeted therapeutics in ongoing clinical trials.(1-3,15) (Supporting Table 1; see online supporting information).”
MethodFisher, K. E., Zhang, L., Wang, J., Smith, G. H., Newman, S., Schneider, T. M., Pillai, R. N., Kudchadkar, R. R., Owonikoko, T. K., Ramalingam, S. S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.11.006 · Cited by 71
“Forty NSCLC and two GI samples underwent multiplex PCR, primer extension, and capillary electrophoresis to detect 44 somatic hotspot mutations in 10 genes (AKT1, BRAF, EGFR, IDH1, IDH2, KRAS, MAP2K1, NRAS, PIK3CA, and PTEN), as described.(13) IDH1 exon 4 and IDH2 exon 4 were amplified using the following primers: 50-G…”
MethodGenetically informed lung cancer medicine
Pao, W. J., Iafrate, A. J., & Su, Z. (2010) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.2788 · Cited by 69
Beyond Histology: Translating Tumor Genotypes into Clinically Effective Targeted Therapies
Meador, C. B., Micheel, C., Levy, M. A., Lovly, C. M., Horn, L., Warner, J. L., Johnson, D. B., Zhao, Z., Anderson, I. A., Sosman, J. A., et al. (2014) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1591 · Cited by 68
“We implemented SNaPshot analysis at the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (Nashville, TN) in July, 2010, for routine stratification of NSCLCs and melanomas into clinically relevant molecular subtypes (15, 20).”
MethodMultiplexed, image-based pooled screens in primary cells and tissues with PerturbView
Kudo, T., Meireles, A. M., Moncada, R., Chen, Y., Wu, P., Gould, J., Hu, X., Kornfeld, O., Jesudason, R., Foo, C., et al. (2025) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02391-0 · Cited by 74
“…each spot identified in the first step using an ad hoc quality score per sequencing call, based on the highest and second-highest intensity channels 83,84 , calculated as A table containing barcode information and associated quality scores was then used to assign the most common barcode reads to…”
From targets to targeted therapies and molecular profiling in non-small cell lung carcinoma
Thomas, A., Rajan, A., López-Chávez, A., Wang, Y., & Giaccone, G. (2012) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mds478 · Cited by 63
Warner, J. L., Rioth, M. J., Mandl, K. D., Mandel, J. C., Kreda, D., Kohane, I. S., Carbone, D., Oreto, R., Wang, L. L., Zhu, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw015 · Cited by 67
“Solid tumor oncology patients with certain histologies (eg, lung cancer, melanoma) seen at VUMC have, since July 2010, routinely undergone molecular profiling with SNaPshot, a fast, high-throughput, multiplex mutational profiling method based on the Applied Biosystems SNaPshot platform.(5,7) SNaPshot assays for common…”
MethodRAF265 Inhibits the Growth of Advanced Human Melanoma Tumors
Su, Y., Vilgelm, A. E., Kelley, M. C., Hawkins, O. E., Liu, Y., Boyd, K. L., Kantrow, S. M., Splittgerber, R. C., Short, S. P., Sobolik, T., et al. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1122 · Cited by 62
Trametinib with or without Vemurafenib in BRAF Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Joshi, M., Rice, S. J., Liu, X., Miller, B., & Belani, C. P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118210 · Cited by 62
“) [21].”
Bourgon, R., Lu, S., Yan, Y., Lackner, M. R., Wang, W., Weigman, V., Wang, D., Guan, Y., Ryner, L. C., Koeppen, H., et al. (2014) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3114 · Cited by 61
“primer extension assays, mass spectrometry and allele-specific PCR (asPCR) – have been successfully used in archived clinical samples(1-3), these technologies are limited to assaying well-characterized loci.”
MethodCurrent concepts on the molecular pathology of non-small cell lung carcinoma
Fujimoto, J., & Wistuba, I. I. (2014) · Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2014.06.008 · Cited by 58
MacConaill, L. E., Hummelen, P. V., Meyerson, M. M., & Hahn, W. C. (2011) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0110 · Cited by 57
Somatic Mutation Spectrum of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer in African Americans: A Pooled Analysis
Araujo, L. H., Lammers, P. E., Matthews-Smith, V., Eisenberg, R., González, A., Schwartz, A. G., Timmers, C. D., Shilo, K., Zhao, W., Natarajan, T. G., et al. (2015) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0000000000000650 · Cited by 48
“SNaPshot/sizing assays were performed in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratory (Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center) and followed standard protocols for sample selection and genotyping.(20) SNaPshot technique involved multiplex polymerase chain reaction, single-base extension, and analysis by c…”
Achievements and Challenges of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Melanoma
Sullivan, R. J., LoRusso, P. M., Boerner, S. A., & Dummer, R. (2015) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.177 · Cited by 49
Pirazzoli, V., Ayeni, D. O., Meador, C. B., Sanganahalli, B. G., Hyder, F., de Stanchina, E., Goldberg, S. B., Pao, W. J., & Politi, K. A. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0620 · Cited by 46
“Genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy kit (Qiagen #69504) and was subjected to SNaPshot sequencing for T790M (16).”
MethodPIK3CA mutations as prognostic factor in squamous cell lung carcinoma
McGowan, M., Silye, A., Lund‐Iversen, M., Solberg, S. K., Helland, Å., Hirsch, F. R., & Brustugun, O. T. (2016) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.11.018 · Cited by 46
BEAMing Up Personalized Medicine: Mutation Detection in Blood
Richardson, A. L., & Iglehart, J. D. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0871 · Cited by 44
“Many cancer centers are developing gene mutation screening approaches that can be applied to archived FFPE tumor samples (8,9).”
BackgroundTan, D. S. W., Camilleri‐Broët, S., Tan, E. H., Alifano, M., Lim, W., Bobbio, A., Zhang, S., Ng, Q., Ang, M., Iyer, N. G., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.28750 · Cited by 43
“MET 16 (3,13) 2 (1,1) 2 (0,2) 2 (1,1) 0 1 (0,1) 0 0 0 0 7 (43.”
Multiplex Detection of DNA Mutations by the Fluorescence Fingerprint Spectrum Technique
Song, J., Zhang, J., Lv, F., Cheng, Y., Wang, B., Feng, L., Liu, L., & Wang, S. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201305461 · Cited by 42
The Determinants of Head and Neck Cancer: Unmasking the PI3K Pathway Mutations
Squarize, F. S. G. C. H. (2013) · Journal of Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis · doi:10.4172/2157-2518.s5-003 · Cited by 45
“Potential effects of HNSCC mutations are suggested by where PIK3CB PIK3C1 P42338 PIK3CB p110β, PI3Kβ Synonymous p.P422P [2] PIK3CD O00329 PIK3CD p110δ, PI3Kδ Missense p.T423S [5] Missense p.T458S [2] PIK3CG P48736 PIK3CG p110γ, PI3Kγ Missense p.A156V [2] Missense p.G491E [2] Missense p.L843H [2] Missense p.P526S [2] M…”
InfluentialCassidy, R. J., Zhang, X., Patel, P. R., Shelton, J. W., Escott, C., Sica, G., Rossi, M. R., Hill, C. E., Steuer, C. E., Pillai, R. N., et al. (2017) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.30794 · Cited by 43
“SNaPshot is a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay followed by single base primer excision, whose methods have been described previously.(33) TruSight Tumor 26 is a next-generation sequencing platform that allows for highly accurate variant analysis, and the methods for which previously have been detailed.”
MethodHosgood, H. D., Pao, W. J., Rothman, N., Hu, W., Pan, Y., Kuchinsky, K., Jones, K. D., Xu, J., Vermeulen, R. C. H., Simko, J. P., et al. (2013) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.018 · Cited by 41
“Of note, PCR carryover of the EGFR exon 18 mutation is unlikely to explain our results, as no template controls are used throughout our assay [20].”
Kenmotsu, H., Serizawa, M., Koh, Y., Isaka, M., Takahashi, T., Taira, T., Ono, A., Maniwa, T., Takahashi, S., Mori, K. P., et al. (2014) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-786 · Cited by 36
“We developed a tumor-genotyping panel to screen lung cancer patients for genetic alterations relevant to novel molecular-targeted therapeutics in ongoing clinical trials [12-15] (Additional file 1: Table S1).”
Jamshidi, N., Huang, D., Abtin, F. G., Loh, C. T., Kee, S. T., Suh, R. D., Yamamoto, S., Das, K., Dry, S., Binder, S. W., et al. (2016) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2016132230 · Cited by 37
Thymic neoplasm: a rare disease with a complex clinical presentation.
Rashid, O. M., Cassano, A. D., & Takabe, K. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.01.12 · Cited by 35
Lung Cancer Genotype-Based Therapy and Predictive Biomarkers: Present and Future
Cagle, P. T., & Allen, T. C. (2012) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0508-ra · Cited by 36
Beau‐Faller, M., Blons, H., Domerg, C., Gajda, D., Richard, N., Escande, F., Solassol, J., Denis, M. G., Cayre, A., Nanni‐Metellus, I., et al. (2013) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.07.009 · Cited by 36
The Molecular Pathology of Lung Cancer
Sholl, L. M. (2016) · Surgical pathology clinics · doi:10.1016/j.path.2016.04.003 · Cited by 36
Molecular profiling of non-small cell lung cancer
Forsythe, M. L., Alwithenani, A., Bethune, D., Castonguay, M., Drucker, A., Flowerdew, G. J., French, D., Fris, J., Greer, W., Henteleff, H., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236580 · Cited by 38
Kalra, N., Zhang, J., Thomas, A., Xi, L., Cheung, M., Talarchek, J. N., Burkett, S. S., Tsokos, M., Chen, Y., Raffeld, M. A., et al. (2015) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1362-2 · Cited by 33
“Briefly PCR amplification was initially performed with primers flanking the mutation hotspot under co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature (COLD)-PCR conditions and was followed by targeted pyrosequencing on a PyroMark Q24 instrument (Qiagen) or by capillary electrophoresis using a Genetic Analyzer 3130xl (…”
MethodGenomic profiling toward precision medicine in non-small cell lung cancer: getting beyond EGFR
Whitsett, T. G., Richer, A. L., Friel, J. M., Carson, V. M., & Inge, L. J. (2015) · Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2147/pgpm.s52845 · Cited by 35
Fernández‐Mercado, M., Burns, A., Pellagatti, A., Giagounidis, A. A. N., Germing, U., Agirre, X., Prósper, F., Aul, C., Killick, S. B., Wainscoat, J. S., et al. (2013) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2013.086686 · Cited by 33
“The development of specific mutation enrichment or detection strategies has greatly increased this sensitivity.(32,33) In keeping with the improved power of mutation detection of next-generation sequencing over traditional sequencing techniques, we identified previously undetected mutations in the validation cohort (t…”
ResultMikhitarian, K., Pollen, M., Zhao, Z., Shyr, Y., Merchant, N. B., Parikh, A. A., Revetta, F. L., Washington, M. K., Vnencak‐Jones, C. L., & Shi, C. (2013) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1038/modpathol.2013.185 · Cited by 33
“In general, the assay includes a multiplex PCR with 100-200 ng of template DNA, a multiplex base extension assay including the SNaPshot reaction mixture ((Life Technologies Corporation, Carlsbad, California) and mutation detection by capillary electrophoresis on an ABI Genetic Analyzer 3130Xl[33].”
MethodThe new concepts on overcoming drug resistance in lung cancer
Dong, X., Xu, C., Lei, P., & Zhang, W. (2014) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s60672 · Cited by 32
Detection of Circulating BRAF in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Lubitz, C. C., Parangi, S., Holm, T. M., Bernasconi, M. J., Schalck, A. P., Suh, H., Economopoulos, K. P., Gunda, V., Donovan, S. E., Sadow, P. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.08.003 · Cited by 32
“Patients with PTC had BRAF mutational analysis on tumor tissue as part of standard of care via SNaPshot (Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Translational Research Laboratory).(27,28) For PTC patients in whom mutational status was not obtained at the discretion of the surgeon and for the benign lesions, BRAF…”
MethodZhou, Q., Yuan, F., Zhang, X., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, X. (2018) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c8sc00307f · Cited by 32
Agteresch, H. J., Pieter, C., van der Gaast, A., & Wilson, J. H. P. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.48 · Cited by 32
Recent Advances in Personalized Lung Cancer Medicine
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Functional KRAS mutations and a potential role for PI 3K/ AKT activation in Wilms tumors
Polosukhina, D., Love, H. D., Correa, H., Su, Z., Dahlman, K. B., Pao, W. J., Moses, H. L., Arteaga, C. L., Lovvorn, H. N., Zent, R., et al. (2017) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12044 · Cited by 29
“followed by capillary electrophoresis (Dias-Santagata et al., 2010; Lovly et al., 2012; Su et al., 2011).”
MethodAbramson, V. G., Supko, J. G., Ballinger, T. J., Cleary, J. M., Hilton, J. F., Tolaney, S. M., Chau, N. G., Cho, D. C., Pearlberg, J., Lager, J. J., et al. (2016) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1764 · Cited by 29
Personalized Cancer Diagnostics
Corless, C. L. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1216427 · Cited by 28
Somatic DNA mutation analysis in targeted therapy of solid tumours.
Yu, B., O'Toole, S. A., & Trent, R. J. (2015) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.04.04 · Cited by 29
“Extension-based assays such as SNaPShot® and mass spectrometry are commonly used for somatic DNA testing with acceptable sensitivity (Table 1) (24-26).”
BackgroundMethodPatil, T., Aisner, D. L., Noonan, S. A., Bunn, P. A., Purcell, W. T., Carr, L. L., Camidge, D. R., & Doebele, R. C. (2016) · Lung Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.03.007 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Su, Z., Dias-Santagata, D., Duke, M., Hutchinson, K., Lin, Y.-L., Borger, D. R., Chung, C. H., Massion, P. P., Vnencak-Jones, C. L., Iafrate, A. J., & Pao, W.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pao, William
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 74-84
- ISSN
- 1525-1578 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3070558
- OpenAlex
- W2033780390
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 23.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Diagnostics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/National Cancer Institute (R01 CA121210, P01 CA129243, U54 CA143798, CA102353, RC2-CA148394-01)
- VICC Specialized Program of Research Excellence in Lung Cancer (CA90949)
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Core (CA68485)
- V Foundation
- TJ Martell Foundation
- Kleberg Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- non-small cell lung cancer, somatic mutations, targeted therapy, snapshots, EGFR exon 19 deletion, EGFR exon 20 insertion, HER2 exon 20 insertion, AKT1, BRAF, KRAS, MEK1, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue
- MeSH terms
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, DNA, Neoplasm, Genetic Testing, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Mutation, Reproducibility of Results, Cell Line, Tumor, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
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