The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immune activation of peripheral blood and mucosal CD3+ lymphocyte cytokine profiles in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms
Abstract
Gastrointestinal pathology, characterized by lymphoid nodular hyperplasia and entero-colitis, has been demonstrated in a cohort of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Systemic and intestinal mucosal immune dysregulation was assessed in ASD children with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (n = 18), and typically developing controls (n = 27), including non-inflamed controls (NIC) and inflamed GI control children with Crohn's disease (CD), by analysis of intracellular cytokines in CD3+ lymphocytes. In both peripheral blood and mucosa, CD3+ TNFalpha+ and CD3+ IFNgamma+ were increased in ASD children compared with NIC (p < 0.004) and reached levels similar to CD. In contrast, peripheral and mucosal CD3+ IL-10+ were markedly lower in ASD children with GI symptoms compared with both NIC and CD controls (p < 0.02). In addition, mucosal CD3+ IL-4+ cells were increased (p < 0.007) in ASD compared with NIC. There is a unique pattern of peripheral blood and mucosal CD3+ lymphocytes intracellular cytokines, which is consistent with significant immune dysregulation, in this ASD cohort.
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In the citing paper
“Elevated plasma cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNFα) [82–84], altered immunoglobulin levels [85, 86], elevated levels of complement proteins [87], and increased chemokine levels (CCL2, CCL5 and CCL11) [88] are reported in the plasma of young children with AD compared with matched typically developing children.”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Increased pro-inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-6) but decreased regulatory (IL-10) cytokine production in mucosal lamina propria and epithelial lymphocytes was observed in ASD children with GI symptoms compared to typically developing controls matched on GI symptoms [21, 22].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Our results are in agreement with previous findings of elevated TNF-α expression in children with ASD and GI symptoms [87] compared to non-inflamed controls that was similar to participants with Crohn’s disease [22].”
From Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Enterocolitis in children with developmental disorders
Wakefield, A. J., Anthony, A., MURCH, S. H., Thomson, M. A., Montgomery, S., Davies, S. E., O’Leary, J. J., Berelowitz, M., & Walker-Smith, J. A. (2000) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03248.x · Cited by 244
Self-citationRetractedDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism
Vargas, D. L., Nascimbene, C., Krishnan, C., Zimmerman, A. W., & Pardo, C. A. (2005) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20315 · Cited by 2,149 · cited 2×
“presented compelling evidence for an active neuroimmune activation in some patients with ASD, with marked activation of microglia and astroglia and altered cytokine profiles responses in the brain and spinal fluid (Vargas et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Preedy, V., & Watson, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5485 · Cited by 1,146
Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late‐Onset Autism
Finegold, S. M., Molitoris, D., Song, Y., Liu, C., Vaisanen, M., Bolte, E., McTeague, M., Sandler, R., Wexler, H., Marlowe, E. M., et al. (2002) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/341914 · Cited by 742
Gastrointestinal abnormalities in children with autistic disorder
Horváth, K., Papadimitriou, J. C., Rabsztyn, A., Drachenberg, C. B., & Tildón, J. T. (1999) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70052-1 · Cited by 489
Abnormal intestinal permeability in children with autism
D'Eufemia, P., Celli, M., Finocchiaro, R., Pacifico, L., Viozzi, L., Zaccagnini, M., Cardi, E., & Giardini, O. (1996) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14220.x · Cited by 416
Does cryptic gluten sensitivity play a part in neurological illness?
Hadjivassiliou, M., Gibson, A. A. M., Davies-Jones, G. A. B., Lobo, A., Stephenson, T. J., & Milford-Ward, A. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90540-1 · Cited by 406
Jyonouchi, H., Sun, S., & Le, H. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00421-0 · Cited by 396
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Assen, 2003, Cerebral autonomic activation in TNBS-induced colitis, Can. J. Gastroenterol., 17, A103
- Hathaway, 1999, Experimental colitis increases blood–brain barrier permeabilità in rabbits, Am. J. Physiol., 276, G1174
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ashwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Pessah, I., & Van de Water, J. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003 · Cited by 940
Self-citationBuie, T., Campbell, D. B., Fuchs, G. J., Furuta, G. T., Levy, J., VandeWater, J., Whitaker, A. H., Atkins, D., Bauman, M. L., Beaudet, A. L., et al. (2010) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1878c · Cited by 872
Elevated immune response in the brain of autistic patients
Li, X., Chauhan, A., Sheikh, A. M., Patil, S., Chauhan, V., Li, X.-M., Ji, L., Brown, T., & Malik, M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.12.002 · Cited by 786
“A number of studies have shown that TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1β and IL-12were increased in the peripheral blood of ASD patients (Zimmerman et al., 2005; Molloy et al., 2006; Ashwood and Wakefield, 2006).”
BackgroundConsensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism
Fatemi, S. H., Aldinger, K. A., Ashwood, P., Bauman, M. L., Blaha, C. D., Blatt, G. J., Chauhan, A., Chauhan, V., Dager, S. R., Dickson, P. E., et al. (2012) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9 · Cited by 723
Self-citationChauhan, A., & Chauhan, V. (2006) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.007 · Cited by 656
Metadata
- Authors
- Ashwood, P., & Wakefield, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Johnson Center for Child Health and Development (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ashwood, Paul
- ORCID
- Ashwood, Paul
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroimmunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 126-134
- ISSN
- 0165-5728 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033012158
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 6.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroimmunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gastrointestinal symptoms, CD3+ T cells, intracellular cytokines, TNF-α, interferon-gamma, IL-10, IL-4, Crohn's disease, children
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Flow Cytometry, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, T-Lymphocytes, Cytokines, CD3 Complex
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