Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late‐Onset Autism

Finegold, Sydney M.; Molitoris, Denise; Song, Yuli; Liu, Chengxu; Vaisanen, Marja‐Liisa; Bolte, Ellen; McTeague, Maureen; Sandler, Richard; Wexler, Hannah; Marlowe, Elizabeth M.; Collins, Matthew D.; Lawson, Paul A.; Summanen, Paula; Baysallar, Mehmet; Tomzynski, Thomas J.; Read, Erik; Johnson, Eric; Rolfe, Rial; Nasir, Palwasha; Shah, Haroun; Haake, David A.; Manning, Patricia; Kaul, Ajay

doi:10.1086/341914

Cited by 742Gut microbiota and healthAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGastrointestinal motility and disorders

Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late‐Onset Autism

Finegold, Sydney M., Molitoris, Denise, Song, Yuli, Liu, Chengxu, Vaisanen, Marja‐Liisa, Bolte, Ellen, McTeague, Maureen, Sandler, Richard +15 more·2002·Clinical Infectious Diseases

DOI 10.1086/341914

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Abstract

Some cases of late-onset (regressive) autism may involve abnormal flora because oral vancomycin, which is poorly absorbed, may lead to significant improvement in these children. Fecal flora of children with regressive autism was compared with that of control children, and clostridial counts were higher. The number of clostridial species found in the stools of children with autism was greater than in the stools of control children. Children with autism had 9 species of Clostridium not found in controls, whereas controls yielded only 3 species not found in children with autism. In all, there were 25 different clostridial species found. In gastric and duodenal specimens, the most striking finding was total absence of non-spore-forming anaerobes and microaerophilic bacteria from control children and significant numbers of such bacteria from children with autism. These studies demonstrate significant alterations in the upper and lower intestinal flora of children with late-onset autism and may provide insights into the nature of this disorder.

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Some studies found increased diversity of microbiota in ASD, whereas other studies show decreased diversity and richness or no differences in diversity.
“Some studies found increased diversity of the microbiota in ASD [47, 64], whereas other studies show the opposite trend towards decreased diversity and richness [73, 74], or no differences in diversity [75, 77].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
In this review, only a few studies have involved developmental specialists and psychologists apt in monitoring changes in ASD symptoms.
“In this review, only a few studies have involved developmental specialists and psychologists who are apt in monitoring changes in ASD symptoms [32, 48].”
From Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
Early stool-based culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction-based studies reported an increased abundance of Clostridium species in the GI tract of children with autism.
“Early stool-based culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction–based studies reported an increased abundance of Clostridium species in the GI tract of children with autism,48, 49, 50”
From Distinct Microbiome-Neuroimmune Signatures Correlate With Functional Abdominal Pain in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [48]
Finegold et al originally described increased Clostridium in ASD in 2002, and ultimately identified a novel species, Clostridium (Lachnoclostridium) bolteae, associated with ASD, specifically in those with GI symptoms.
“Finegold et al48 originally described increased Clostridium in ASD in 2002, and ultimately identified a novel species, Clostridium (Lachnoclostridium) bolteae, associated with ASD, specifically in those with GI symptoms.”
From Distinct Microbiome-Neuroimmune Signatures Correlate With Functional Abdominal Pain in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [48]
Many children with ASD show abnormalities in GI physiology, including increased intestinal permeability, overall microbiota alterations, and gut infection with cresol-producing Clostridium difficile.
“Many ASD children have also been shown to carry abnormalities in GI physiology, including: increased intestinal permeability [34,35], overall microbiota alterations [36,37,38,39,40], and gut infection with cresol-producing Clostridium difficile [39,41,42,43,44].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [42]

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Authors: Finegold, S. M., Molitoris, D., Song, Y., Liu, C., Vaisanen, M., Bolte, E., McTeague, M., Sandler, R., Wexler, H., Marlowe, E. M., Collins, M. D., Lawson, P. A., Summanen, P., Baysallar, M., Tomzynski, T. J., Read, E., Johnson, E., Rolfe, R., Nasir, P., Shah, H., Haake, D. A., Manning, P., & Kaul, A.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Rush Children's Hospital (US)
VA West Los Angeles Medical Center (US)
University of Reading (GB)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Texas Tech University (US)
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Finegold, Sydney M.
ORCID: Liu, Chengxu
Sandler, Richard
Wexler, Hannah
Marlowe, Elizabeth M.
Lawson, Paul A.
Summanen, Paula
Johnson, Eric
Haake, David A.
Kaul, Ajay
Venue: Clinical Infectious Diseases
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 35
Issue: s1
Pages: S6-S16
ISSN: 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
1537-6591
DOI: 10.1086/341914
OpenAlex: W2099856240
Cited by: 742
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 3.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: regressive autism, gut microbiota, Clostridium, fecal microbiota, oral vancomycin, microaerophilic bacteria
MeSH terms: Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Clostridium, Digestive System, Humans, Age of Onset

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Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late‐Onset Autism

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