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Lifestyle and nutritional imbalances associated with Western diseases: causes and consequences of chronic systemic low-grade inflammation in an evolutionary context
Open accessAbstract
In this review, we focus on lifestyle changes, especially dietary habits, that are at the basis of chronic systemic low grade inflammation, insulin resistance and Western diseases. Our sensitivity to develop insulin resistance traces back to our rapid brain growth in the past 2.5 million years. An inflammatory reaction jeopardizes the high glucose needs of our brain, causing various adaptations, including insulin resistance, functional reallocation of energy-rich nutrients and changing serum lipoprotein composition. The latter aims at redistribution of lipids, modulation of the immune reaction, and active inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport for damage repair. With the advent of the agricultural and industrial revolutions, we have introduced numerous false inflammatory triggers in our lifestyle, driving us to a state of chronic systemic low grade inflammation that eventually leads to typically Western diseases via an evolutionary conserved interaction between our immune system and metabolism. The underlying triggers are an abnormal dietary composition and microbial flora, insufficient physical activity and sleep, chronic stress and environmental pollution. The disturbance of our inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance is illustrated by dietary fatty acids and antioxidants. The current decrease in years without chronic disease is rather due to "nurture" than "nature," since less than 5% of the typically Western diseases are primary attributable to genetic factors. Resolution of the conflict between environment and our ancient genome might be the only effective manner for "healthy aging," and to achieve this we might have to return to the lifestyle of the Paleolithic era as translated to the 21st century culture.
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“Chronic LGI is becoming widely accepted as a common basis for many diseases of civilization (Ruiz-Núñez et al., 2013; Table 1).”
From The therapeutic potentials of Ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization (2016) · cites this paper as Ruiz-Núñez et al., 2013
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ruiz-Núñez, B., Pruimboom, L., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A. J., & Muskiet, F. A. J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Muskiet, Frits A.J.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1183-1201
- ISSN
- 0955-2863 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994348637
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 350
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, Western diseases, dietary habits, evolutionary medicine, brain glucose metabolism, serum lipoproteins, reverse cholesterol transport, gut microbiota, physical inactivity, sleep, chronic stress, environmental pollution, dietary fatty acids, antioxidants, Paleolithic diet, healthy aging, genetic susceptibility to disease
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Glucose, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Nutritional Status
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