Osteoarthritis Year in Review 2024: Molecular biomarkers of osteoarthritis
Open accessAbstract
Objective To provide a comprehensive and insightful summary of studies on molecular biomarkers at the gene, protein, and metabolite levels across different sample types and joints affected by osteoarthritis (OA). Methods A literature search using the PubMed database for publications on OA biomarkers published between April 1, 2023 and April 30, 2024 was performed. Publications were then screened, examined at length, and summarized in a narrative review. Results Out of the 364 papers initially identified, 44 publications met inclusion criteria, were relevant to OA, and were further examined for data extraction and discussion. These studies included 1 genomic analysis, 22 on protein markers, 6 on metabolite markers, 9 on inflammatory mediators, and 6 integrating multiple molecular levels. Conclusions Significant advancements have been made in identifying molecular biomarkers for OA, encompassing various joints, sample types, and molecular levels. Despite this progress, gaps remain, particularly in the need for validation, larger sample sizes, the integration of more clinical data, and consideration of covariates. For early detection and improved treatment of OA, continued efforts in biomarker identification are needed. This effort should seek to identify effective biomarkers that advance early detection, support prevention, evaluate interventions, and improve patient outcomes.
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High-throughput screening and single-cell analytics have transformed biomarker discovery for degenerative joint disease by enabling comprehensive molecular profiling across genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic domains.
“High-throughput screening and single-cell analytics have transformed biomarker discovery for degenerative joint disease by enabling comprehensive molecular profiling across genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic domains”
From Biomarker-Guided Imaging and AI-Augmented Diagnosis of Degenerative Joint Disease (2025) · cites this paper as [155]
The Introduction and Discussion describe osteoarthritis biomarker research at gene, protein, and metabolite levels, and the Concluding Remarks say multi-omic studies show promise. But the copy does not attribute this progress to high-throughput screening or single-cell analytics, nor does it say those methods have transformed discovery or enabled comprehensive profiling across all four named domains. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLongitudinal studies and standardization efforts enhance the clinical applicability of biomarkers for degenerative joint disease.
“while longitudinal studies and standardization efforts enhance their clinical applicability [155].”
From Biomarker-Guided Imaging and AI-Augmented Diagnosis of Degenerative Joint Disease (2025) · cites this paper as [155]
The Discussion (Protein-level; page unavailable) describes a longitudinal study linking baseline biomarkers to later joint changes and their potential prognostic use. The Concluding Remarks (page unavailable) call for independent validation and larger cohorts to advance biomarkers toward clinical use, but do not specifically identify standardization efforts as a means of improving applicability. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Liu, H., Yao, D., Wang, Y., & Kong, Q. (2026) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-026-01598-4
Epidemiology and potential mechanisms of structural progression in osteoarthritis
Das, S., Swain, P., Swain, S., Misra, R. D. K., & Rautray, T. R. (2026) · Artificial Cells Nanomedicine and Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/21691401.2026.2724794
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Kim, Y. I., Padalhin, A., Ryu, H. S., Abueva, C. D. G., Bae, J. S., Park, S. Y., Jeon, H. B., Mo, J., Chung, P., Gong, H. S., et al. (2026) · Biomaterials Research · doi:10.34133/bmr.0424
Serum evaluation of synovial fluid biomarkers in osteoarthritis
Yang, L., Wang, B., Wang, J., Ma, Q., & Cheng, Y. (2026) · Journal of orthopaedic surgery · doi:10.1177/10225536261498974
Neural crosstalk between subchondral bone and synovium in osteoarthritis
Feng, Y., Gao, Q., Liu, X., & Li, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1971392
Blees, N. R., Teunissen, M., Smit, I. H., Verseijden, F., Meij, B. P., Prevo-Keijbets, E., van Vuure, C., Corbee, R. J., & Tryfonidou, M. A. (2026) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2026.106946
- Authors
- Welhaven, H. D., Welfley, A. H., & June, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Montana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- June, Ronald K.
- Venue
- Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 67-87
- ISSN
- 1063-4584 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11663115
- OpenAlex
- W4403528140
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 13
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Osteoarthritis and Cartilage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation Division of Civil Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Hip disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- osteoarthritis, molecular biomarkers, protein biomarkers, metabolic biomarkers, genomic biomarkers, inflammatory mediators, early detection, biomarker validation, joint diseases
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Osteoarthritis, Biomarkers
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