Are There Too Many Uncited Articles? Zero Inflated Variants of the Discretised Lognormal and Hooked Power Law Distributions
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At least some of the Scopus categories include non-academic papers from magazines that are classified as articles.
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From Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus: The Titans of Bibliographic Information in Today’s Academic World (2021) · cites this paper as [190]
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“Although the discrete distribution can differ broadly in shape, it can be expected to be close enough to allow inferences based on the normal distribution assumption (e.g., Thelwall, 2016e).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAre Mendeley reader counts useful impact indicators in all fields?
Thelwall, M. A. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2557-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Weaker correlations suggest that other factors also influence the magnitude of Mendeley reader counts (see also: Thelwall 2016b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThree practical field normalised alternative indicator formulae for research evaluation
Thelwall, M. A. (2017) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationThree dimensions of scientific impact
Siudem, G., Żogała-Siudem, B., Cena, A., & Ga̧golewski, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2001064117 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zero impact: a large-scale study of uncitedness
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“Although citedness is typically the main focus in bibliometric studies, bibliometric analyses are affected by uncited publications (Thelwall, 2016) and thus of great importance.”
InfluentialRonda‐Pupo, G. A., & Katz, J. S. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2612-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Power Laws in altmetrics: An empirical analysis
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“2009; Thelwall 2016).”
BackgroundUniversality of citation distributions: A new understanding
Golosovsky, M. (2021) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_a_00127 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Indeed, extensive study of citation distributions for different journals by Thelwall (2016b) indicated that they can be described by the log-normal distribution with nearly the same = 1 to 1.2.”
BackgroundInfluentialHaslauer, C., Meyer, J. R., Bàrdossy, A., & Parker, B. L. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05385 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thelwall, M. A., Kousha, K., & Abdoli, M. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2292-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A similar phenomenon has previously been observed for entire Scopus categories, with publications in trade journals classified as academic articles (Thelwall 2016b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe accuracy of confidence intervals for field normalised indicators
Thelwall, M. A., & Fairclough, R. (2017) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2017.03.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRank analysis of most cited publications, a new approach for research assessments
Rodríguez‐Navarro, A., & Brito, R. (2024) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2024.101503 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Is OpenAlex suitable for research quality evaluation and which citation indicator is best?
Thelwall, M. A., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.70020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Graphs for additional subjects in this category can be found online https://doi.org/10.6084/m9. figshare.29194214. although it seems to index too many uncited articles (Thelwall, 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDo Mendeley reader counts indicate the value of arts and humanities research?
Thelwall, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/0961000617732381 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…counts are the most promising because in science generally they are more numerous (Erdt, Nagarajan, Sin, & Theng, 2016) except perhaps for tweet counts (Haustein, Larivière, Thelwall, Amyot, & Peters, 2014), and appear before citations (Maflahi, & Thelwall, 2016; Zahedi, Costas, & Wouters, 2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThelwall, M. A., & Levitt, J. M. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23969 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The use of such terms ensures that nonacademic magazines indexed by Scopus are excluded from the calculation (e.g., Thelwall, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe citation-based impact of complex innovation systems scales with the size of the system
Ronda‐Pupo, G. A. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2401-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…been used to analyze citation networks (Mayernik 2010; Milojevic 2010; Zhao and Ye 2013), citation distribution probabilities (Brzezinski 2015; Milojevic 2010; Thelwall 2016a, b, c), citation-based indicators (Egghe et al. 2009; Ye and Rousseau 2008) and research output (Sutter and Kocher 2001).”
MethodUncited papers are not useless
Golosovsky, M., & Larivière, V. (2021) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_a_00142 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The influence of highly cited papers on field normalised indicators
Thelwall, M. A. (2019) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-018-03001-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The problem of essentially uncitable articles in Scopus has been previously shown to give some fields untypical (zero-inflated) citation distributions (Thelwall 2016b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationA quantitative analysis of determinants of non-citation using a panel data model
Hu, Z., Wu, Y., & Sun, J. (2018) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-018-2791-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In the science world, non-citation is a universal phenomenon, so future citation analysis and research indicators should take uncitable articles into account (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 2010; Thelwall 2016).”
BackgroundUncited papers in the structure of scientific communication
Katchanov, Y. L., Markova, Y. V., & Anatolyevna, S. N. (2023) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2023.101391 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A new algorithm for zero-modified models applied to citation counts
Shahmandi, M., Wilson, P., & Thelwall, M. A. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03654-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“A previously published algorithm fits zero-inflated discrete log-normal and zero-inflated hooked power law models to covariate-free data (the zero-inflation parameter is estimated to two decimal places) (Thelwall 2016).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationRonda‐Pupo, G. A., & Katz, J. S. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2459-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Bayesian hurdle quantile regression model for citation analysis with mass points at lower values
Shahmandi, M., Wilson, P., & Thelwall, M. A. (2021) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_a_00147 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“, & Thelwall, M. (2021). A Bayesian hurdle quantile regression model for citation analysis with mass points at lower values.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationA Survey-Based Structural Equation Model Analysis on Influencing Factors of Non-Citation
Hu, Z., Wu, Y., & Sun, J. (2018) · Current Science · doi:10.18520/cs/v114/i11/2302-2312 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Accidentality in journal citation patterns
Mrowinski, M. J., Ga̧golewski, M., & Siudem, G. (2022) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2022.101341 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Synergism of Scientific Teams in the Reflection of Scientometrics
Romanov, D. A., Gerashchenko, A., & Леонидович, Ш. В. (2023) · Science management theory and practice · doi:10.19181/smtp.2023.5.1.8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Do 'altmetric mentions' follow Power Laws? Evidence from social media mention data in Altmetric.comPreprint
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“To check this plausibility a code implemented earlier by Thelwall (2016c) for citation data has been used.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLin, A., Cui, J., & Hu, Z. (2024) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/05390184241301655 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, uncitedness is common across disciplines (Egghe et al., 2011; Nicolaisen and Frandsen, 2019; Thelwall, 2016).”
Uncertain research country rankings. Should we continue producing uncertain rankings?
Rodríguez‐Navarro, A. (2025) · Journal of Data and Information Science · doi:10.2478/jdis-2025-0030 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Variants of compound models and their application to citation analysis
Low, W. J. (2017) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Loyko, V. I., Gerashchenko, A., & Romanova, M. L. (2019) · Polythematic Online Scientific Journal of Kuban State Agrarian University · doi:10.21515/1990-4665-154-016
MODELING AND DIAGNOSTICS OF THE RESEARCHER’S SYNERGIC INTERACTION WITH THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY
Loyko, V. I., Gerashchenko, A., & Romanova, M. L. (2019) · Polythematic Online Scientific Journal of Kuban State Agrarian University · doi:10.21515/1990-4665-153-024
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- Authors
- Thelwall, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Wolverhampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Thelwall, Mike
- ORCID
- Thelwall, Mike
- Venue
- Journal of Informetrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 622-633
- ISSN
- 1751-1577 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2339441818
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Informetrics (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web visibility and informetrics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- citation distribution, zero-inflated distributions, citation counts, research metrics, distribution fitting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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