Knowledge of the female athlete Triad, and prevalence of Triad risk factors among female high school athletes and their coaches
Abstract
Study objective This study aimed to determine awareness/knowledge of the Triad and its health implications among female high school athletes and their coaches, and to evaluate coaches' Triad screening/intervention practices. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Two high schools in the western United States. Participants Female athletes from a variety of sports (N = 240) ages 14-18 years and their coaches (N = 10). Intervention Participants completed surveys that assessed Triad knowledge and athlete Triad risk factors. Main outcome measures Frequency of responses to Triad knowledge, Triad risk factor, and Triad education/screening procedures questions; athlete summative knowledge score. Results Half (N = 120) of participants reported menstrual irregularity, and 42% (N = 101) had 2 or more Triad risk factors: past amenorrhea (N = 39), past stress fracture (N = 41), self-reported not eating enough (N = 53), underweight (BMI-for-age 10 pounds when self-reported weight was in a healthy range (N = 34). Average athlete Triad knowledge score was 2.97 ± 1.61 out of 8. Coach Triad knowledge was limited; however, most (9/10) were comfortable discussing menstruation with their athletes. Barriers to Triad screening/education were coaches' insufficient time, knowledge, and educational resources. Conclusion Triad risk factors were prevalent among athletes and coach and athlete Triad knowledge was low. Providing coaches with Triad screening/education training may increase Triad knowledge a…
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Less than half of coaches and physicians surveyed were able to identify the three components of the female athlete triad.
“For example, less than half of coaches and physicians surveyed were able to identify the three components of the female athlete triad 147 148 150 151”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [150]
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(2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Medical Concerns in the Female Athlete
Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.106.3.610 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
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Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., Ackerman, K. E., Blauwet, C., Constantini, N., Lebrun, C., Lundy, B., Melin, A., Meyer, N., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Wasserfurth, P., Palmowski, J., Hahn, A., & Krüger, K. (2020) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-020-00275-6 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Stellingwerff, T., Heikura, I. A., Meeusen, R., Bermon, S., Seiler, S., Mountjoy, M. L., & Burke, L. M. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01491-0 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: What Coaches Should Know
Charlton, B. T., Forsyth, S., & Clarke, D. C. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541211054458 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown, K. N., Wengreen, H. J., & Beals, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wengreen, Heidi J.
- Venue
- Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 278-282
- ISSN
- 0932-8610 (ISSN-L)
- 1083-3188
- OpenAlex
- W2147502097
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- female athlete triad, menstrual irregularity, amenorrhea, stress fractures, disordered eating, coaches, high school athletes, coach knowledge, barriers to screening
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Risk Factors, United States, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Female Athlete Triad Syndrome, Athletes
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