Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: What Coaches Should Know
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The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and the more encompassing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) are disorders caused by low energy availability (LEA). LEA is a state of insufficient energy intake by an athlete relative to their energy expenditure. Persistent LEA results in the deleterious consequences to health and performance that comprise RED-S. With respect to both the Triad and RED-S, researchers have called for more education of those involved with sport, particularly coaches, to help reduce the incidence of these disorders. Recent studies have shown that as few as 15% of coaches are aware of the Triad, with up to 89% unable to identify even one of its symptoms. RED-S is a more recently established concept such that coach knowledge regarding it has only begun to be assessed, but the results of these initial studies indicate similar trends as for the Triad. In this review, we synthesize research findings from 1986 to 2021 that pertains to LEA and RED-S, which coaches should know so they can better guide their athletes.
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More specific carbohydrate recommendations vary from 5-12 g carbohydrate/kg body weight/day for athletes, depending on training activities.
“more specific recommendations vary from 5–12 g CHO/kg BW/day for athletes, depending on training activities [33].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Exercise performance typically decreases due to impaired availability and ability to use carbohydrate as fuel, which is necessary for exercise at higher intensities and recommended for longer durations such as endurance training.
“Exercise performance typically decreases due to an impaired availability and, hence, ability to use CHO as fuel, which is necessary for exercise at higher intensities and recommended for longer durations such as endurance training [33].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Adaptations from low-CHO diets that spare glycogen and enhance fat oxidation fail to improve performance.
“Some studies have demonstrated that low-CHO diets can spare glycogen and enhance fat oxidation, but these adaptations fail to improve performance [33].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Low-CHO diets can spare glycogen and enhance fat oxidation.
“Some studies have demonstrated that low-CHO diets can spare glycogen and enhance fat oxidation, but these adaptations fail to improve performance [33].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): Endocrine Manifestations, Pathophysiology and Treatments
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Eat well to the best performance: calorie intake and eating behavior among athlete: a review
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SINDROM RELATIVNEGA ENERGIJSKEGA PRIMANJKLJAJA PRI OTROCIH IN MLADOSTNIKIH
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Vegetarian diets in female athletes: performance, health outcomes, and the implementation gap
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- Authors
- Charlton, B. T., Forsyth, S., & Clarke, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Clarke, David C.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2022-01-06
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 445-460
- ISSN
- 1747-9541 (ISSN-L)
- 2048-397X
- OpenAlex
- W4205436878
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 192
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 6.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- low energy availability, relative energy deficiency in sport, female athlete triad, coach knowledge, coach education, energy intake, energy expenditure, athlete health, athletic performance
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