The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): establishing clinically-significant values for identifying central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample
Open accessAbstract
Unlabelled Central sensitization (CS) is a proposed physiological phenomenon in which central nervous system neurons become hyperexcitable, resulting in hypersensitivity to both noxious and non-noxious stimuli. The term central sensitivity syndrome (CSS) describes a group of medically indistinct (or nonspecific) disorders, such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome, for which CS may be a common etiology. In a previous study, the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was introduced as a screening instrument for clinicians to help identify patients with a CSS. It was found to have high reliability and validity (test-retest reliability = .82; Cronbach's alpha = .88). The present study investigated a cohort of 121 patients who were referred to a multidisciplinary pain center, which specializes in the assessment and treatment of complex pain and psychophysiological disorders, including CSSs. A large percentage of patients (n = 89, 74%) met clinical criteria for one or more CSSs, and CSI scores were positively correlated with the number of diagnosed CSSs. A receiver operating characteristic analysis determined that a CSI score of 40 out of 100 best distinguished between the CSS patient group and a nonpatient comparison sample (N = 129) (area under the curve = .86, sensitivity = 81%, specificity = 75%).Perspective The CSI is a new self-report screening instrument to help identify patients with CSSs, including fibromyalgia. The present study investigated CSI scores in a heterogeneous pain population with a large percentage of CSSs, and a normative nonclinical sample to determine a clinically relevant cutoff value.
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“The scores were dichotomized using the validated cutoff ≥40, which indicates clinically relevant central sensitization.30”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for prevention of chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty. (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
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Cites
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The Development and Psychometric Validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory
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Sorted by citations
Neuropathic Pain: Central vs. Peripheral Mechanisms
Meacham, K., Shepherd, A. J., Mohapatra, D. P., & Haroutounian, S. (2017) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-017-0629-5 · Cited by 462
Nijs, J. (2014) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2014/17/447 · Cited by 346
Toward a Mechanism-Based Approach to Pain Diagnosis
Vardeh, D., Mannion, R., & Woolf, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.001 · Cited by 339
Nijs, J. (2015) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2015/18/e333 · Cited by 314
Establishing Clinically Relevant Severity Levels for the Central Sensitization Inventory
Neblett, R., Hartzell, M. M., Mayer, T. G., Cohen, H. M., & Gatchel, R. J. (2016) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12440 · Cited by 289
Metadata
- Authors
- Neblett, R., Cohen, H., Choi, Y., Hartzell, M. M., Williams, M., Mayer, T. G., & Gatchel, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Productive Rehabilitation Institute of Dallas for Ergonomics (US)
- The University of Texas at Arlington (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mayer, Tom G.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 438-445
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3644381
- OpenAlex
- W1976214008
- Cited by
- 757
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 11.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (1UO1 DEO10713-12A2)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (U01DE010713)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- Central Sensitization Inventory, central sensitization, central sensitivity syndromes, fibromyalgia, chronic pain, screening tool, cut-off values, receiver operating characteristic, reference values, multidisciplinary pain center, complex pain
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outpatients, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Central Nervous System Sensitization, Chronic Pain
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