Fog computing: A taxonomy, systematic review, current trends and research challenges

Fog computing and its role in the internet of things

Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., & Addepalli, S. (2012) · Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing · doi:10.1145/2342509.2342513 · Cited by 6,244

Untitled work

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CloudSim: a toolkit for modeling and simulation of cloud computing environments and evaluation of resource provisioning algorithms

Calheiros, R. N., Ranjan, R. K., Beloglazov, A., Rose, C. A. F. D., & Buyya, R. (2010) · Software Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/spe.995 · Cited by 4,961

Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review

Xiao, Y., & Watson, M. (2019) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x17723971 · Cited by 3,467

Lessons from Applying the Systematic Literature Review Process within the Software Engineering Domain

Brereton, P., Kitchenham, B. A., Budgen, D., Turner, M., & Khalil, M. (2007) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2006.07.009 · Cited by 2,394

Fog and IoT: An Overview of Research Opportunities

Chiang, M., & Zhang, T. (2016) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2016.2584538 · Cited by 2,362

iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the internet of things, edge and fog computing environments

Gupta, H., Vahid Dastjerdi, A., Ghosh, S. K., & Buyya, R. (2017) · Software: Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/spe.2509 · Cited by 1,649

All one needs to know about fog computing and related edge computing paradigms: A complete survey

Yousefpour, A., Fung, C., Nguyen, T., Kadiyala, K., Jalali, F., Niakanlahiji, A., Kong, J., & Jue, J. P. (2019) · Journal of Systems Architecture · doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2019.02.009 · Cited by 1,368

A Comprehensive Survey on Fog Computing: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges

Mouradian, C., Naboulsi, D., Yangui, S., Glitho, R. H., Morrow, M. J., & Polakos, P. A. (2018) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2771153 · Cited by 1,022

Vehicular Fog Computing: A Viewpoint of Vehicles as the Infrastructures

Hou, X., Li, Y., Chen, M., Wu, D., Jin, D., & Chen, S. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2016.2532863 · Cited by 943

Fog Enabled Cyber Physical System Authentication and Data Security using Lattice and Quantum AES Cryptography

Golchha, R., Lachure, J., & Doriya, R. (2023) · International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems · doi:10.12785/ijcds/130122 · Cited by 2

Performance Analysis of Scheduling Algorithms on Fog Computing using YAFS

Nurcahya, D., Karimah, S. A., & Mugitama, S. A. (2023) · SinkrOn · doi:10.33395/sinkron.v8i3.12682 · Cited by 2

Analysis of Security Access Control Systems in Fog Computing Environment

Zhang, J. (2023) · Journal of Cyber Security and Mobility · doi:10.13052/jcsm2245-1439.1252 · Cited by 2

Resource Scheduling in Integrated IoT and Fog Computing Environments: A Taxonomy, Survey and Future Directions

Al-Shammari, N. K., Gill, S. S., Pervaiz, H., Ni, Q., & Ahmed, H. (2024) · Studies in big data · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2644-8_4 · Cited by 30

A METHOD OF HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING OF NODES IN DISTRIBUTED TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS USING GRAPH ALGORITHMS

Syvolovskyi, I., & Лисечко, В. П. (2025) · Системи управління навігації та зв’язку Збірник наукових праць · doi:10.26906/sunz.2025.2.255 · Cited by 1

An Insider Attack Resistant Threshold Anonymous Traffic Violation Reporting Scheme for Fog-Assisted VANETs

Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., & Choo, K. R. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2025.3628257 · Cited by 1

An intelligent framework to secure fog computer and IoT service applications using artificial intelligence/machine learning

Saeed, M. M. A., Saeed, R. A., & Ahmed, Z. E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33441-2.00003-3 · Cited by 1

Resource-Aware Deep Learning Deployment for IoT–Fog Environments: A Novel BSIR and RAG-Enhanced Approach

Atlam, M., Attiya, G., & El-Rashidy, M. A. (2026) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai7020044 · Cited by 1

A novel state-space ODE framework with tensor decomposition for resource allocation in fog-DSDN networks

Mahmoudi, M., Barekatain, B., Beheshti, Z., Quintana, A. A., & Velayati, M. R. (2026) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05931-8 · Cited by 1

Fog Computing: A Comprehensive Review on Security Analysis, Attacks, and Future Prospects

Gola, K. K., Arya, S., Khan, G., Singh, M., Gulati, S., Chaurasia, N., Kanauzia, R., & Kumar, S. (2026) · The International journal of networked and distributed computing · doi:10.1007/s44227-026-00093-4 · Cited by 1

Evaluating logistics software quality: A systematic review and research agenda for ISO/IEC 25010 across supply chain digitalization research

Plevnik, M., & Jereb, B. (2026) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2026.104187 · Cited by 1

A Novel Optimized Revenue Scheme in Finite Capacity SLA Aware Service Model in Fog Computing Environment

Panigrahi, S., Patra, S. S., AL-Amodi, S., & Barik, R. K. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0901-6_6 · Cited by 1

Uncovering Effective Roles and Tasks for Fog Systems

Blume, M., Lins, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-46235-1_8 · Cited by 1

Improvement of Energy Consumption in Fog Computing Via Task Offloading

Muhamad, W. N. W., Ribep, A. C., Dimyati, K., Yusof, A. L., & Abdullah, E. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology · doi:10.37934/araset.36.2.199212 · Cited by 1

Recent Trends in Internet of Things and Cloud Computing: A Detailed Comprehensive Review

Harmach, F., Wahbi, A., & Fakhri, Y. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70411-6_60 · Cited by 1

An Adaptive Firefly Algorithm for Dependent Task Scheduling in IoT-Fog Computing

Yousif, A. (2025) · Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences · doi:10.32604/cmes.2025.059786 · Cited by 1

Optimizing Service Stipulation Uncertainty with Deep Reinforcement Learning for Internet Vehicle Systems

Nain, Z., Shahana, B., Chaudhry, S. A., Viswanathan, P., Mekala, M. S., & Kim, S. W. (2022) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2023.033194 · Cited by 1

A Two-layer Intrusion Detection System based on Fog and Cloud using Improved KNN and MPNNPreprint

Kaffash, A., Kamel, S. R., & Kheirabadi, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3127041/v1 · Cited by 1

Design and implementation of a hybrid IoT system of data collection and visualization

Wade, A.-M., Gueye, I., & SIDIBE, S. (2022) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2022.13.1.0109

Machine learning for cloud, fog, edge and serverless computing environments: comparisons, performance evaluation benchmark and future directions

Gill, S. S., Kaur, A., & Singh, P. (2022) · International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing · doi:10.1504/ijguc.2022.10045288

Delay Efficient Caching in Fog Computing

Gupta, D., Wadhwa, S., Rani, S., & Sharma, P. (2022) · Algorithms for intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2065-3_33

A Cost and Energy-Aware Deployment of IoT Applications scheme in Fog SystemsPreprint

Faraji‐Mehmandar, M., Ghobaei‐Arani, M., & Shakarami, A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2881519/v1

An Integrated Fog Computing With Machine Learning Techniques for Diagnosis of Thyroid Disease

Kumari, N. (2023) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4466-5.ch004

Fog computing security using token-based authentication system

Chaudhary, T., Kush, R. V., Gautam, S., Patnaik, S. S., & Singh, S. P. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0182572

Trustless Layer for Secure Fog Computing

Li, W. J. (2023) · International Conference on Cyber Security and Information Engineering (ICCSIE) · doi:10.1145/3617184.3630157

Computation Offloading Quality of Service Improvement with Multi Layer Approach Based on Pure Edge Sim Simulator

Mulyana, A., Wahjuni, S., Djatna, T., & Sukoco, H. (2023) · International Conference on Informatics Engineering, Science & Technology (INCITEST) · doi:10.1109/incitest59455.2023.10396945

Enhancing Healthcare Monitoring Systems: A Case Analysis in Optimization

Lalit, M., Bathla, G., & Singh, S. (2024) · International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development · doi:10.23919/indiacom61295.2024.10499054

A Concurrent Computing Model for Fog Assisted Edge Network Applications

Ameer Hamza, Y., Kumar, K., Rajini, C., & Chandrashekar, M. (2023) · International Innovative Research Journal of Engineering and Technology · doi:10.32595/iirjet.org/v8i3.2023.170

Evaluating the Sustainability of Cerebral Edge Computing Inventiveness for Acquiring Internet of Things Substructure Autonomously

Zambrano, M., V, Minango, J., Paredes-Parada, W., Pérez-Chimborazo, J., & Zambrano-Vizuete, A. (2024) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-024-03220-6

Um estudo experimental streaming-fog-cloud

Larcher, L. (2023) · doi:10.34019/ufjf/di/2023/00083

Fog Computing – Desktop Review

Sithole, S. P., Sonhera, N., & Zuva, T. (2024) · International Multidisciplinary Information Technology and Engineering Conference (IMITEC) · doi:10.1109/imitec60221.2024.10850956

Building Energy Management System Using Coalition-Based Particle Swarm Optimization and Fog Computing Infrastructure

Gado, D. M., Hamdan, I., Kamel, S. M., & Abdelaziz, A. Y. (2024) · International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON) · doi:10.1109/mepcon63025.2024.10850361

Cloud, Edge, and Fog Computing: A Study on their Broader Scope

Verma, A., & Kaur, G. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815313321125010006

TFCB-Fog: Trust Framework for Cluster-based Fog Computing Environments

Ahmed, M. F., Saleh, Y. N. M., & Abdel-Hamid, A. (2024) · International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA) · doi:10.1109/icca62237.2024.10928157

Enhancing SDN Security

Singaravelan, S., Kiruba, S. B., Joshy, S. A., Sridharan, M., Veerappa, D. S. E., Kasipandian, K., Balakrishnan, A., & Perumal, P. V. (2025) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0563-9.ch016

A Metaheuristic Task Scheduling of FOG Servers Using a Hybridization of Crow Search Algorithm with Non-Monopolize Search

Aranguren, I., Fausto, F., González, A., & Aguiñaga, M. A. L. (2025) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78440-8_34

Explorando o Redirecionamento de Streaming de Vídeo em Infraestruturas de Borda-Nuvem para Usuários Móveis

Panizzon, E. C., Panisson, A. R., & Filho, R. R. (2025) · Anais do Computer on the Beach · doi:10.14210/cotb.v16.p543-545

Ai-driven energy-aware task offloading with network traffic considerations in fog-cloud environments

Zolghadri, M., Asghari, P., Dashti, S., & Hedayati, A. (2025) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05446-2

Quality of Experience Based Dynamic Path Serverless Data Pipelines in Edge/Fog Computing

Mirampalli, S., Wankar, R., & Srirama, S. N. (2025) · Software Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/spe.70018

Review on Resource Management Strategy for Fog-Enabled Cloud Computing

Lokesh, T. S., & Akkalakshmi, M. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7131-1_24

Future Trends and Emerging Possibilities in AI

Kaur, S., Bansal, S., & Sharma, A. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83608-298-920251008

Use-Case-Centric and Industry-Agnostic Architectural Patterns for Fog Systems

Blume, M., Lins, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3628679

Regulatory frameworks, services, policy, and operations of fog computing and IoT-based technology

Jeyaraman, M., Jeyaraman, N., & Ramasubramanian, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33439-9.00001-5

A Scheme for Network Capacity Region Optimization in the Fog Stochastic Network

Ju, C., Ma, Y., Yin, Z., Xu, G., Wang, X., & Shi, X. (2024) · doi:10.1109/ictech63197.2024.00089

An Intelligent Based Approach for Conformance Testing of IoT Implementations Within a Distributed Cloud Environment

Oualla, A., Moutai, F. Z., Azzouzi, S., & Charaf, M. E. H. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03695-7_36

Cloud continuum node evaluation and selection via mathematical programming

Koronakos, G., Verginadis, Y., Apostolou, D., & Mentzas, G. N. (2026) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2026.124137

Revolutionizing Smart City Infrastructures: The Role of Fog Computing in Traffic, Energy, and Environment Management

Ahlawat, C., Rai, A., Srivastava, M., Morey, V., & Singh, Y. (2025) · International Conference on IoT, Communication and Automation Technology (ICICAT) · doi:10.1109/icicat68430.2025.11414713

FSTS Fog-Based Smart Transportation System a Novel Approach: Navigating towards Future of Urban Mobility

Arora, D., & Sharma, O. (2026) · Journal of Advances in Information Technology · doi:10.12720/jait.17.3.488-499

Fog-Quant: A quantum computing inspired framework for fog computing deployment over 6G radio access networks

Ali, S., Shukla, D. K., Dagur, A., Kumar, A., Shukla, N., & Satpathy, S. (2026) · Sustainable Computing Informatics and Systems · doi:10.1016/j.suscom.2026.101367

Fog Computing-Powered Driving Assistant System Under Fog Weather to Support Sustainable Tourism in Rural Area

Alwajeeh, T. (2026) · Proceedings in Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7607-4_40

Evaluating Fog Simulators for Real-Time IoT Deployment: Towards Smart Parking System

Arora, D., & Sharma, O. (2026) · International Conference on Device Intelligence, Computing and Communication Technologies (DICCT) · doi:10.1109/dicct69099.2026.11551274

IOTA: Notebook Framework for IoT Analytics at Edge

Yang, E., & Cao, L. (2026) · International Conference on Computing, Networks and Internet of Things (CNIOT) · doi:10.1109/cniot69547.2026.11581928

Quantum-inspired algorithms in fog computing: A Systematic Literature Review

Mondal, H. S., Shameem, M., Azharuddin, M., & Kuila, P. (2026) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2026.111386

A Survey of Fog Computing and Communication: Current Researches and Future DirectionsPreprint

Nath, S. B., Gupta, H., Chakraborty, S., & Ghosh, S. K. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1804.04365 · Cited by 39

Fog Computing Qos Review and Open Challenges

Babu, R., Jayashree, K., & Abirami, R. (2018) · International Journal of Fog Computing · doi:10.4018/ijfc.2018070104 · Cited by 10

A Comprehensive Survey on Fog Computing: Architectures, Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions

Chaturvedi, P., Ahmad, S., & Mewada, A. (2026) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-026-10579-7 · Cited by 6

The Study of Fog Computing: Security and Privacy, Energy Consumption, Quality of Experience/Services, Offloading, and Task Scheduling

Low, C. K., Ng, Y. P., Tew, Y., & Qing, L. C. (2024) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.13990685 · Cited by 1

Fog Computing: Survey of Trends, Architectures, Requirements, and Research Directions

Naha, R. K., Garg, S., Georgakopoulos, D., Jayaraman, P. P., Gao, L., Xiang, Y., & Ranjan, R. K. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2866491 · Cited by 567