The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
d-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder depends on the success of exposure sessions
Open accessAbstract
Objective The evidence for the efficacy of D-cycloserine (DCS) for augmenting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders has been mixed. Guided by preclinical research and initial findings from a small-scale study involving humans, we tested the hypothesis that DCS enhancement of exposure therapy would be specific to successful exposure sessions. Method Medication-free adults with generalized social anxiety disorder (N = 145) received 50 mg of DCS or placebo 1 h before each of 5 exposure sessions that were part of a standardized 12-session group CBT protocol. Participants provided fear ratings at the beginning and just before the end of exposure exercises. Independent raters, blind to group assignment, administered the clinical global impression improvement and severity scales at each session and at posttreatment. Results Mixed-effects analyses revealed that, among patients who reported low fear at the end of an exposure session, those who had received DCS evidenced significantly greater clinical improvement at the next session, relative to those who had received placebo. In contrast, when exposure end fear was high, patients receiving DCS exhibited less clinical improvement at the following session than patients receiving placebo. Similarly, patients who had received DCS evidenced lower clinical severity at posttreatment, relative to patients who had received placebo, only when their average end fear for medication-augmented sessions had been in the low to moderate range. Finally, these moderating effects of exposure success as indexed by end fear were not better accounted for by within-session extinction. Conclusions The efficacy of DCS for augmenting exposure-based CBT depends on the success of exposure sessions. These findings may help guide the development of an algorithm for the effective use of DCS for augmenting exposure-based CBT. Trial registry http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, ID# NCT00633984, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00633984.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“administration of the NMDAR partial agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) enhances the acquisition of the extinction memory”
From Retrieval-Dependent Mechanisms Affecting Emotional Memory Persistence: Reconsolidation, Extinction, and the Space in Between (2020) · cites this paper as Smits et al., 2013
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,647
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052 · cited 2×
“All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.020 such as social anxiety disorder (Hofmann and Smits, 2008), which are prevalent and associated with significant personal and economic costs (Greenberg et al., 1999; Kessler et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition
Wolpe, J. (1968) · Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science · doi:10.1007/bf03000093 · Cited by 3,406
Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition
Masserman, J. H. (1958) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340090135025 · Cited by 3,087
Liebowitz, M. R. (2015) · Modern Trends in Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1159/000414022 · Cited by 2,266
Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy
Craske, M. G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., & Baker, A. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003 · Cited by 1,607
Guy, W. L. (2025) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_300379 · Cited by 1,441
Hoffman, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0415 · Cited by 1,420
Self-citationThe economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s
Greenberg, P. E., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R. C., Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., Davidson, J. R. T., Ballenger, J. C., & Fyer, A. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v60n0702 · Cited by 1,242 · cited 2×
“All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.020 such as social anxiety disorder (Hofmann and Smits, 2008), which are prevalent and associated with significant personal and economic costs (Greenberg et al., 1999; Kessler et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialHofmann, S. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701421313 · Cited by 1,064 · cited 1×
“The intervention approach was based on a 12-week CBT treatment protocol involving weekly 2.5-h sessions (Heimberg and Becker, 2002), but drew heavily from the strategies outlined by Hofmann and Otto (Hofmann and Otto, 2008) based on the model described by Hofmann (2007).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lonsdorf, T. B., Menz, M. M., Andreatta, M., Fullana, M. A., Golkar, A., Haaker, J., Heitland, I., Hermann, A., Kuhn, M., Kruse, O., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026 · Cited by 837
“…and exposure treatment were only observed in animals (Bolkan and Lattal, 2014; Bouton et al., 2008; Weber et al., 2007) and humans who did demonstrate successful extinction learning/treatment response to cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) (Smits et al., 2013a, 2013b, 2014; Telch et al., 2014).”
Singewald, N., Schmuckermair, C., Whittle, N., Holmes, A., & Ressler, K. J. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.004 · Cited by 390
“…phobia (Guastella et al., 2007; Nave et al., 2012; Ressler et al., 2004), SAD (Guastella et al., 2008; Hofmann et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2013b; Smits et al., 2013c) and OCD [(Chasson et al., 2010; Farrell et al., 2013; Kushner et al., 2007; Storch et al., 2010; Wilhelm et al., 2008) but see…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRothbaum, B. O., Price, M., Jovanovic, T., Norrholm, S. D., Gerardi, M., Dunlop, B., Davis, M., Bradley, B., Duncan, E. J., Rizzo, A., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121625 · Cited by 388
“conditions, is consistent with the increasing evidence that d-cycloserine’s clinical effect may be best observed through enhancing consolidation of extinction gains made between sessions (10, 14, 24, 25, 35) and preventing return of symptoms after treatment.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationMataix-Cols, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Monzani, B., Rosenfield, D., Andersson, E., Pérez-Vigil, A., Frumento, P., de Kleine, R. A., Difede, J., Dunlop, B. W., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3955 · Cited by 288
“inadvertently interfered with exposure efficacy in some patients and facilitated its efficacy in others.(57,58)”
Self-citationThe subjective experience of emotion: a fearful view
LeDoux, J. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.09.011 · Cited by 268
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Smits, J. A. J., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M. W., Marques, L., Davis, M. L., Meuret, A. E., Simon, N. M., Pollack, M. H., & Hofmann, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Southern Methodist University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1455-1461
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3747985
- OpenAlex
- W2157504515
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 20.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH075889, K23MH096029, R01MH078308)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- D-cycloserine, social anxiety disorder, exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, drug augmentation, treatment response, treatment algorithm
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Cycloserine, Double-Blind Method, Fear, Female, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Models, Statistical, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
