The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of human versus virtual human influencers on the appearance anxiety of social media users
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a related study, participants were reported to elicit significantly lower appearance anxiety in virtual humans than actual human influencers in social media. 60”
Citations
Cites
(2013) · Cited by 44,563
The future of social media in marketing
Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1 · Cited by 1,893
Sokolova, K., & Kefi, H. (2020) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.01.011 · Cited by 1,650
Pelau, C., Dabija, D.-C., & Ene, I. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106855 · Cited by 889
Social Media and Body Image Concerns: Current Research and Future Directions
Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.005 · Cited by 801
Facebook use, envy, and depression among college students: is facebooking depressing?
Tandoc, E. C., Ferrucci, P., & Duffy, M. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.053 · Cited by 781
Tiggemann, M., & McGill, B. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.1.23.26991 · Cited by 710
Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women's mood and body image
Brown, Z. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.007 · Cited by 667
Almost human? A comparative case study on the social media presence of virtual influencers
Arsenyan, J., & Mirowska, A. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102694 · Cited by 566
Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.002 · Cited by 559
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yu, J., Dickinger, A., So, K. K. F., & Egger, R. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103560 · Cited by 317
Making Sense? The Sensory-Specific Nature of Virtual Influencer Effectiveness
Zhou, X., Yan, X., & Jiang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429231203699 · Cited by 257
The authentic virtual influencer: Authenticity manifestations in the metaverse
Koles, B., Audrezet, A., Moulard, J. G., Ameen, N., & McKenna, B. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114325 · Cited by 254
Virtual influencer marketing: the good, the bad and the unreal
Mouritzen, S. L. T., Penttinen, V., & Pedersen, S. (2023) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-12-2022-0915 · Cited by 182
Virtually human: anthropomorphism in virtual influencer marketing
Dabiran, E., Farivar, S., Wang, F., & Grant, G. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103797 · Cited by 199
Can you sense without being human? Comparing virtual and human influencers endorsement effectiveness
Li, H., Lei, Y., Zhou, Q., & Yuan, H. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103456 · Cited by 211
Intelligent influencer marketing: how AI-powered virtual influencers outperform human influencers
Allal‐Chérif, O., Puertas, R., & Carracedo, P. (2023) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123113 · Cited by 190
Stereotyping human-like virtual influencers in retailing: Does warmth prevail over competence?
Hedhli, K. E., Zourrig, H., Khateeb, A. A., & Alnawas, I. A. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103459 · Cited by 189
Jiang, K., Zheng, J., & Luo, S. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103660 · Cited by 175
The emergence of virtual influencers: a shift in the influencer marketing paradigm
Jhawar, A., Kumar, P., & Varshney, S. (2023) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-05-2022-1529 · Cited by 213
Kim, H., & Park, M. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103581 · Cited by 164
Zhou, Q., Li, B., Li, H.-J., & Lei, Y. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103610 · Cited by 141
Will virtual influencers overcome the uncanny valley? The moderating role of social cues
Gutuleac, R., Baima, G., Rizzo, C., & Bresciani, S. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21989 · Cited by 130
Virtual influencers as an emerging marketing theory: A systematic literature review
Łaszkiewicz, A., & Kalińska-Kula, M. (2023) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12956 · Cited by 129
How do social media influencers induce the urge to buy impulsively? Social commerce context
Shamim, K., Azam, M., & Islam, T. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103621 · Cited by 163
Lee, H., Shin, M., Yang, J., & Chock, T. M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2374100 · Cited by 156
Liu, F., & Lee, Y.-H. (2024) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-03-2023-4418 · Cited by 123
Liu, F., & Lee, Y.-H. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103685 · Cited by 105
Kim, M., & Baek, T. H. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2233125 · Cited by 96
Social media influencer over-endorsement: Implications from a moderated-mediation analysis
Cheah, C. W., Koay, K. Y., & Lim, W. M. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103831 · Cited by 121
Virtual vs. human influencer: Effects on users’ perceptions and brand outcomes
Cicco, R. D., Iacobucci, S., Cannito, L., Onesti, G., Ceccato, I., & Palumbo, R. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102488 · Cited by 105
Trust in Human and Virtual Live Streamers: The Role of Integrity and Social Presence
Wang, K., Wu, J., Sun, Y., Chen, J., Pu, Y., & Qi, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2279410 · Cited by 99
Fear of missing out and compulsive buying behavior: The moderating role of mindfulness
Hussain, S., Raza, A., Haider, A., Ishaq, M. I., & Talpur, Q. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103512 · Cited by 139
Ju, N.-A., Kim, T., & Im, H. (2024) · Fashion and Textiles · doi:10.1186/s40691-024-00380-0 · Cited by 84
Franke, C., & Groeppel‐Klein, A. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114916 · Cited by 87
Ekinci, Y., Dam, S., & Buckle, G. E. (2025) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22173 · Cited by 114
Deng, F., Tuo, M., Chen, S., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103904 · Cited by 79
Self-citationBarari, M. M. (2023) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-05-2023-0191 · Cited by 65
Wang, B., Han, Y., Kandampully, J. A., & Lu, X. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.104106 · Cited by 64
Wang, Y., Song, M., Guo, R., & Duan, Y. (2023) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2023.2296638 · Cited by 63
Yang, D., Zhang, J., Sun, Y., & Huang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103859 · Cited by 59
Nitty-gritties of customer experience in metaverse retailing
Mehrotra, A., Agarwal, R., Khalil, A., Alzeiby, E. A., & Agarwal, V. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103876 · Cited by 56
Virtual influencer marketing: a study of millennials and gen Z consumer behaviour
Angmo, P., & Mahajan, R. (2024) · Qualitative Market Research An International Journal · doi:10.1108/qmr-01-2023-0009 · Cited by 50
Peng, Y., Wang, Y., Li, J., & Yang, Q. (2024) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer19020077 · Cited by 54
Promoting Customer Engagement and Brand Loyalty on Social Media: The Role of Virtual Influencers
Vo, T., Tan, G. W., Pham, N. T., Truong, T. H., & Ooi, K. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70028 · Cited by 66
Zourrig, H., Park, J., & Becheur, I. (2025) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70013 · Cited by 46
Liu, X., Wan, L. C., & Mattila, A. S. (2025) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-06-2024-0886 · Cited by 42
How virtual influencers’ identities are shaped on Chinese social media: A case study of Ling
Luo, L.-J., & Kim, W. (2023) · Global Media and China · doi:10.1177/20594364231188353 · Cited by 44
Agnihotri, D., Chaturvedi, P., & Tripathi, V. (2024) · Journal of Communication Management · doi:10.1108/jcom-02-2024-0035 · Cited by 33
You, L., & Liu, F. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123650 · Cited by 38
Hewapathirana, I. U., & Perera, N. (2024) · Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development · doi:10.24294/jipd.v8i8.6352 · Cited by 41
Jin, S. A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100011 · Cited by 34
Do they look human? Review on virtual influencers
Angmo, P., Mahajan, R., & Oliveira, A. B. D. S. (2024) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-024-00438-9 · Cited by 37
Ünalmış, E., Dirsehan, T., & Erdoğmuş, İ. E. (2024) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2024.2371833 · Cited by 70
Pan, S., Qin, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer19040157 · Cited by 42
Virtual human on social media: Text mining and sentiment analysis
Li, S., & Chen, J. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102666 · Cited by 29
Xiao, Q., Li, X., Huang, W., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.123981 · Cited by 32
Self‐Comparing With Virtual Influencers: Effects on Followers' Wellbeing
Nasr, L., Mousavi, S., & Michaelidou, N. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22151 · Cited by 32
Jain, R., Schuster, L., Luck, E., & Jin, H. S. (2024) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.13105 · Cited by 33
Virtual influencers’ anthropomorphism, consumer engagement and/or well-being
Barari, M. M., Ross, M., & Moghddam, H. A. (2025) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-06-2024-6944 · Cited by 26
Yan, X., Tat, H. H., & BAKAR, S. A. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16229896 · Cited by 28
Rehman, A. U., Kumar, S., Salam, M. A., & Virmani, N. (2025) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124198 · Cited by 24
Societal Perceptions and Acceptance of Virtual Humans: Trust and Ethics across Different Contexts
Gerlich, M. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13100516 · Cited by 25
Joel-Edgar, S., Chowdhury, S., Nagy, P., & Ren, S. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115139 · Cited by 29
The interaction effect of endorser type and destination stereotype on destination evaluation
Li, F. S., & Zhou, Z. (2023) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2023.2296661 · Cited by 20
Lee, J., & Kim, H. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2439571 · Cited by 21
Lee, C. T., & Shen, Y. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2025.102245 · Cited by 22
Fu, S., Zheng, X., Wang, H., & Luo, Y. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103383 · Cited by 21
Wang, Y., & Guo, R. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.104004 · Cited by 18
Influence of Virtual Live Streamers’ Credibility on Online Sales Performance
Ji, X. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241271171 · Cited by 23
Xia, H., Yang, Y., & Wang, X.-C. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104371 · Cited by 16
Human vs. virtual influencers in Crisis: How attribution and crisis response shape brand trust
Laghari, A. H., Ping, H., Memon, S. A., & Makhdoom, Z. H. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104410 · Cited by 15
Mo, Z., & Zhou, M. (2024) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer19030110 · Cited by 18
Exploration of the diversity of virtual influencers used as tourism ambassadors in South Korea
Choi, M., & Choi, Y. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2024.2380041 · Cited by 16
A systematic literature review of virtual idol from the perspective of the business role ecosystem
Wang, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, W., Zhao, D., He, D., & Lu, Y. (2025) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-06-2024-0938 · Cited by 14
Liu, Y., & Ke, L. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04509-4 · Cited by 21
Chen, Y., Li, L., & Zhou, W. (2025) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2025.101492 · Cited by 15
Zhang, Y., & He, A.-Z. (2025) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-02-2024-4974 · Cited by 10
Salam, M. A., Leong, V. S., & Muhamad, N. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2357-2.ch009 · Cited by 13
Ko, C., & Baek, H. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104484 · Cited by 13
Influencer Marketing in the Digital Ecosystem
Rosário, A. T., Lopes, P., & Rosário, F. S. (2023) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8898-0.ch009 · Cited by 13
Li, A., Ding, Z., Sun, C., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-024-00739-7 · Cited by 13
Sattar, A. A., Haq, J. U., Saleem, A., & Ahmad, W. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22166 · Cited by 11
Explication of the Virtual Influencer Ecosystem
Thomas, V. L., Fowler, K., Taheran, F., & Mortazavi, A. (2025) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1080/00218499.2025.2483051 · Cited by 11
Devoted or addicted?Modeling gaming addiction in eSports
Yani‐de‐Soriano, M., Marques, T. R. F., Veludo‐de‐Oliveira, T. M., & Battistella-Lima, S. V. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108470 · Cited by 9
Yu, T., & Gen, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02601-7 · Cited by 10
Angmo, P., Mahajan, R., & Ranjitha, G. P. (2025) · Journal of Relationship Marketing · doi:10.1080/15332667.2025.2471668 · Cited by 18
Qureshi, M. A., Shahzadi, S., & Hussain, T. (2024) · International Journal of Professional Business Review · doi:10.26668/businessreview/2024.v9i1.4313 · Cited by 12
Taheran, F., Thomas, V. L., Fowler, K., & Mortazavi, A. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.22066 · Cited by 10
Yao, Q., Liu, Y., Hu, B. X., & Jin, J. K. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108754 · Cited by 8
Cao, X., & Lyu, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1403327 · Cited by 8
Low Self-Concept Clarity Induces Scarcity Perceptions: The Subsequent Effects on Prosocial Behavior
Sun, Y., Wang, X., Su, S., Chen, W., & Jiang, T. (2024) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241294103 · Cited by 8
A systematic literature review of virtual influencers in marketing using bibliometric analysis
Pushparaj, P., Kushwaha, B. P., & Prashar, S. (2025) · International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing · doi:10.1007/s12208-025-00441-0 · Cited by 12
Asheq, A. A., Hasan, R., & Coughlan, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875251337718 · Cited by 8
Xue, F., & Cheng, X. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2543995 · Cited by 7
Levin, T., Tiggemann, M., Harriger, J. A., & Fardouly, J. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.102000 · Cited by 18
The Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Influencer Marketing
SHARMA, N. K., & Kumar, A. (2026) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.70194 · Cited by 7
Technological Immersion and Delegation to Virtual Agents
Sun, N., & Botev, J. (2023) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti7110106 · Cited by 7
An investigation into the sexualization of human and virtual social media influencers
Fowler, K., & Thomas, V. L. (2025) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-04-2024-0259 · Cited by 7
Chaihanchanchai, P. (2025) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2025.2550106 · Cited by 7
Hu, J., Chen, H., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2025.105347 · Cited by 6
Moon, W.-K., Song, Y. G., & Atkinson, L. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100047 · Cited by 6
Dino, M. J. S., Dion, K. W., Abadir, P. M., Budhathoki, C., Huang, C.-M., Ong, I., Vital, J. C., Cotter, V. T., Himmelfarb, C. R. D., & Davidson, P. M. (2024) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/14604582241267793 · Cited by 5
“60 Such phenomenon might be explained by the social comparison theory, where individuals assess their social value by comparing themselves to similar virtual personas.”
Polyakova, A., Garnier, M., & Duchain, J. C. D. (2025) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2025.2526543 · Cited by 5
Cho, E., Kim, K., & Bouvier, L. (2025) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/jfmm-07-2024-0280 · Cited by 5
The secret sauce: factors influencing the effectiveness of virtual influencer endorsements
Aniket, J., Kaushık, N., & Sivathanu, B. (2025) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2025.2592464 · Cited by 6
Magtibay, R., Lonsdale, N., & Aydin, G. (2025) · Corporate Communications An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccij-04-2024-0072 · Cited by 6
Cheng, G., Bao, T., Li, W., Li, Z. G., Li, Z., & Zu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1657443 · Cited by 4
Loneliness increases consumers’ preference for virtual human companionship
Liao, J., Wang, X., & Dong, X. (2026) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116001 · Cited by 5
Song, M., Wang, Y., & Guo, R. (2026) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.70218 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Deng, F., & Jiang, X.
- Affiliations
- Chongqing Technology and Business University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Deng, Fengyi
- Venue
- Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-03
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 103233
- ISSN
- 0969-6989 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4313252809
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 29
- FWCI
- 29.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Digital Marketing and Social Media
- Keywords
- appearance anxiety, appearance dissatisfaction, social media influencers, virtual influencers, human influencers, influencer marketing, women, scenic images, social media use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review