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Distinct microbiome composition and metabolome exists across subgroups of elite Irish athletes
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The gut microbiome has begun to be characterised in athlete groups, albeit, to date, only across a subset of sports. This study aimed to determine if the gut microbiome and metabolome differed across sports classification groups (SCGs) among elite Irish athletes, many of whom were participating in the 2016 Summer Olympics. METHODS: Faecal and urine samples were collected from 37 international level athletes. Faecal samples were prepared for shotgun metagenomic sequencing and faecal and urine samples underwent metabolomic profiling. RESULTS: Differences were observed in the composition and functional capacity of the gut microbiome of athletes across SCGs. The microbiomes of athletes participating in sports with a high dynamic component were the most distinct compositionally (greater differences in proportions of species), while those of athletes participating in sports with high dynamic and static components were the most functionally distinct (greater differences in functional potential). Additionally, both microbial (faecal) and human (urine) derived metabolites were found to vary between SCGs. In particular cis-aconitate, succinic acid and lactate, in urine samples, and creatinine, in faeces, were found to be significantly different between groups. These differences were evident despite the absence of significant differences in diet, as determined using food frequency questionnaires, which were translated into nutrient intake values using FETA. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the gut microbiome and metabolome between groups, in the absence of dietary changes, indicates a role for training load or type as a contributory factor. Further exploration of this hypothesis has the potential to benefit athletes, aspiring athletes and the general public.
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“Fecal and urine derived metabolites also varied between classification including increased lactate (urine) in sports with a static component and creatinine (feces) in sports with a high dynamic and low static component.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
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“Athletes participating in sports with a high dynamic component were the most distinct compositionally (greater differences in proportions of species; see Table 1), while athletes participating in sports with both a high dynamic and static component were the most functionally distinct (greater differences in functional potential).”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“However, these differences were observed despite no significant variation in dietary intakes across athletes from different classifications; suggesting that variations in training loads and competition requirements contributed to these microbiome and metabolome-related patterns.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
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Metabolomics and Multi-Omics Integration: A Survey of Computational Methods and Resources
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Brancaccio, M., Mennitti, C., Cesaro, A., Fimiani, F., Vano, M., Gargiulo, B., Caiazza, M., Amodio, F., Coto, I., D’Alicandro, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031249 · Cited by 66
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Fontana, F., Longhi, G., Tarracchini, C., Mancabelli, L., Lugli, G. A., Alessandri, G., Turroni, F., Milani, C., & Ventura, M. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01470-9 · Cited by 74
“This screening resulted in the selection of a total of 185 metagenomic samples from a range of different sports fields, thus including sports with both high anaerobic and aerobic loads, such as marathon athletes as well as cyclists and rugby players [19, 22].”
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Imdad, S., Lim, W., Kim, J., & Kang, C. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052679 · Cited by 60
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Pérez‐Prieto, I., Plaza‐Florido, A., Ubago‐Guisado, E., Ortega, F. B., & Altmäe, S. (2024) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2024.07.003 · Cited by 63
Cutuli, D., Decandia, D., Giacovazzo, G., & Coccurello, R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241914686 · Cited by 61
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“Cross-sectional [54, 58, 59] and longitudinal [60–62] studies have sought to establish differences in the composition of the human gut microbiota related to physical activity level (PAL); however, the results are highly variable and sometimes contradictory.”
BackgroundMore than a gut feeling: What is the role of the gastrointestinal tract in female athlete health?
Pugh, J. N., Lydon, K. M., O’Donovan, C. M., O’Sullivan, Ó., & Madigan, S. M. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1921853 · Cited by 44
“This is mirrored in athlete cohorts in that some studies show no differences (O’ Donovan, Connor, Madigan, Cotter, & O’Sullivan, 2020) and others show differences between genders at the diversity level (O’ Donovan et al., 2020).”
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Self-citationThe human gut microbiota is associated with host lifestyle: a comprehensive narrative review
Zeng, Q., Feng, X., Hu, Y., & Su, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1549160 · Cited by 51
Morella, I., Negro, M., Dossena, M., Brambilla, R., & D’Antona, G. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109718 · Cited by 36
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Mohr, A. E., Mach, N., Pugh, J. N., Grosicki, G. J., Allen, J. M., Karl, J. P., & Whisner, C. M. (2025) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuaf037 · Cited by 37
“…whose physical activity and dietary patterns may jointly contribute to high microbial diversity and enrichment of specific taxa and unique functions (Petersen et al. 2017 , Scheiman et al. 2019 , O’Donovan et al. 2020 , Li et al. 2023 , Shalmon et al. 2024 , Humi´nska-Lisowska et al. 2025 ).”
InfluentialKulecka, M., Frączek, B., Bałabas, A., Czarnowski, P., Żeber‐Lubecka, N., Zapała, B., Bagińska, K., Głowienka, M., Szot, M., Skorko, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1092846 · Cited by 32
“To summarize, our findings confirm changes in the relative abundance of different taxa reported in professional rugby players (44), marathon runners (58), professional cyclists (68), and other sports persons (69), as well as in elderly healthy individuals with a lifelong history of endurance training (46) and premenop…”
ResultCraven, J., Cox, A. J., Bellinger, P., Desbrow, B., Irwin, C. G., Buchan, J., McCartney, D., & Sabapathy, S. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1933199 · Cited by 33
“…in the gut microbiome and microbiome-derived-metabolome (metabolites produced by the microbiota cells, such as beneficial SCFA that may support athletic performance and/or athlete health) of individuals involved in different sports (dynamic vs. static physical activity) (O’Donovan et al., 2020).”
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“Conversely, individuals engaged in high dynamic sports exhibited a significant presence of Bifidobacterium animalis , Lactobacillus acidophilus , Prevotella intermedia , and F. prausnitzii [149].”
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Mei, Y., Li, W., Wang, B., Chen, Z., Wu, X., Lin, Y., & Wang, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1508893 · Cited by 37
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“However, the type of sport an athlete participates in can shape their microbiome, a factor which needs to be considered when investigating probiotics (106).”
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Mancin, L., Rollo, I., Mota, J. F., Piccini, F., Carletti, M., Susto, G. A., Valle, G., & Paoli, A. (2020) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000236 · Cited by 26
Metabolomics in Team-Sport Athletes: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
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BackgroundSport Participation and Academic Performance in Young Elite Athletes
Pinto‐Escalona, T., Valenzuela, P. L., Esteban‐Cornejo, I., & Martínez‐de‐Quel, Ó. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315651 · Cited by 23
Optimizing the Gut Microbiota for Individualized Performance Development in Elite Athletes
Nolte, S., Krüger, K., Lenz, C., & Zentgraf, K. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12121491 · Cited by 28
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“Interestingly, the same pathways were reported as being enriched in elite Irish athletes performing high static component sports, such as triathlon or cycling [43].”
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Implications of the Gut Microbiome in Sports
Miranda-Comas, G., Petering, R. C., Zaman, N., & Chang, R. G. (2022) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381211060006 · Cited by 24
“The microbiome samples were significantly different from a microbial composition and potential functional perspective between the groups, though the etiology of these differences remains to be identified.(28) It is, however, important to note that there were no significant differences in dietary nutrients between the…”
BackgroundGrosicki, G. J., Pugh, J. N., Wosinska, L., Quilter, K., Mattimoe, D., Allen, J. M., Joyce, S. A., O’Sullivan, Ó., & Close, G. L. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2023 · Cited by 20
The gut mucin-microbiota interactions: a missing key to optimizing endurance performance
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ResultStandardization of gut microbiome analysis in sports
Mancin, L., Paoli, A., Berry, S., Gonzalez, J. T., Collins, A. J., Lizarraga, M. A., Mota, J. F., Nicola, S., & Rollo, I. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101759 · Cited by 22
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMańkowska, K., Marchelek‐Myśliwiec, M., Kochan, P., Kosik-Bogacka, D. I., Konopka, T., Grygorcewicz, B., Roszkowska, P., Cecerska‐Heryć, E., Siennicka, A., Konopka, J., et al. (2022) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-022-03111-5 · Cited by 16
“Researchers confirm the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota and physical activity and diet (O’Donovan et al. 2020; Clarke et al. 2014; Petersen et al. 2017).”
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“This hypothesis was based on the finding that in athletes, gut microbiota composition varies depending on the sport discipline (36), suggesting a potential effect of physical training modalities on the microbiome.”
BackgroundA Bibliometric Analysis on the Research Trend of Exercise and the Gut Microbiome
Deng, R., Wang, M., Song, Y., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11040903 · Cited by 21
“The effects of exercise on the gut microbiome depend upon the type of sport, the intensity, and the duration [5,50].”
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“could affect the physical health of an athlete [32,33].”
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Grace-Farfaglia, P., Frazier, H., & Iversen, M. D. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148361 · Cited by 14
Bidirectional Link Between Exercise and the Gut Microbiota
Huang, B., Zhao, L., & Campbell, S. C. (2024) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000343 · Cited by 12
“(34) set out to determine if differences existed in the gut microbiome and metabolome of elite-level athletes participating in different categories of sports.”
Oliveira, C. B., Marques, C., Abreu, R., Figueiredo, P., Calhau, C., Brito, J., & Sousa, M. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14096 · Cited by 13
“TS3 100 (100; 100) 4 (3; 4) 400 (300; 400)”
Next-generation sequencing of the athletic gut microbiota: a systematic review
Sabater, C., Iglesias‐Gutiérrez, E., Ruíz, L., & Margollés, A. (2023) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2022.16 · Cited by 10
Molecular Profiling of Athletes Performing High-Intensity Exercises in Extreme Environments
Malsagova, K. A., Kopylov, A. T., Stepanov, A. A., Enikeev, D. V., Potoldykova, N. V., Balakin, E. I., Pustovoyt, V. I., & Kaysheva, A. L. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11020036 · Cited by 11
Microbiome and physical activity
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Adjuvant postbiotic administration improves dental caries prognosis by restoring the oral microbiota
Liu, Q., Ma, T., Feng, C., Li, Y., Jin, H., Shi, X., Kwok, L., Shi, Y., Chen, T., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2022.9250217 · Cited by 9
Gut microbiome related to metabolic diseases after moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise
Yun, S.-M., Seo, Y., Lee, Y., & Lee, D. T. (2024) · Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness · doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2024.07.003 · Cited by 9
“60 Microbiome composition has been shown to predict exercise gains in both resistance and cardiovascular exercise, with different taxa being significant for each exercise modality.”
BackgroundDeutsch, L., Debevec, T., Millet, G. P., Osredkar, D., Opara, S., Šket, R., Murovec, B., Mramor, M., Plavec, J., & Stres, B. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12060536 · Cited by 9
“As both preterm and fullterm groups were composed of healthy young physically fit males differing significantly in acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, our findings support a recent report on this pathway being one of the most variable pathways in a survey of subgroups of elite Irish athletes [91].”
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“A recent study has shown that the composition of the microbiota also differs in accordance with the sport practiced [30].”
Fecal Microbiota Monitoring in Elite Soccer Players Along the 2019–2020 Competitive Season
Viciani, E., Barone, M., Bongiovanni, T., Quercia, S., Gesu, R. D., Pasta, G., Manetti, P., Iaia, F. M., Trecroci, A., Rampelli, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1858-1810 · Cited by 9
“On the other hand, it was highlighted that microbiota composition and metabolic pattern changed among elite athletes of different types of sports, underlining the need for further, sporttargeted research with the aim of linking microbiota and performance [19].”
BackgroundIs There a Universal Endurance Microbiota?
Olbricht, H., Twadell, K., Sandel, B., Stephens, C. M., & Whittall, J. B. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10112213 · Cited by 9
Memili, A., Lulla, A., Liu, H., Shikany, J. M., Jacobs, D. R., Langsetmo, L., North, K. E., Jones, C. D., Launer, L. J., & Meyer, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.019 · Cited by 8
Long distance running – Can bioprofiling predict success in endurance athletes?
König, S., Jockenhöfer, C., Billich, C., Beer, M., Machann, J., Schmidt‐Trucksäss, A., & Schütz, U. H. W. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110474 · Cited by 9
Understanding the human gut microbiome: from composition to disease association
Alali, M. A., & Shori, A. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiomes · doi:10.3389/frmbi.2026.1717288 · Cited by 11
“In this study, O ’ Donovan et al (O ’ Donovan et al., 2020). classi fi ed athletes based on the dynamic and static components of their sports and found that athletes who participated in sports with a moderate dynamic component had higher relative abundances of Anaerostipes Major mechanistic pathways linking gut microbi…”
Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: From Mechanisms to Clinical Applications
AL-Sinani, Y., Rostamkhani, F., & Shirvani, H. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18101565 · Cited by 8
Exercise and the gut microbiome: implications for supportive care in cancer
Hart, N. H., Wallen, M. P., Farley, M. J., Haywood, D., Boytar, A. N., Secombe, K. R., Joseph, R., Chan, R. J., Kenkhuis, M., Buffart, L. M., et al. (2023) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-023-08183-7 · Cited by 9
“Although it is not clear to what extent this relates to performance compared to sport-specific demands, training, and dietary behaviours as it appears clustering of taxa does occur in athletes of similar sports [89].”
BackgroundThe athlete gut microbiota: state of the art and practical guidance
Pérez-Castillo, Í. M., Sabag-Daigle, A., Chicharro, J. L., Mihic, N., Rueda, R., & Bouzamondo, H. (2024) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.1163/18762891-bja00007 · Cited by 8
Téglás, T., & Radak, Z. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1572687 · Cited by 10
“Regular physical exercise provides many health benefits including cardiorespiratory fitness, and it can modify gut microbiota diversity (41, 42).”
Microbiome of athletes: Its features and diversity: A literature review
Палладіна, О. Л., & Kaliga, A. M. (2024) · International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research · doi:10.61751/ijmmr/1.2024.56 · Cited by 6
Carlone, J., Giampaoli, S., Alladio, E., Rosellini, G., Barni, F., Salata, E., Parisi, A., Fasano, A., & Tessitore, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1662964 · Cited by 6
“Additionally, it exerts a signi fi cant in fl uence on drug and xenobiotic metabolism (1, 2).”
Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Brain: Possible Effects on Sport Performance
Carlone, J., Giampaoli, S., & Brancucci, A. (2025) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-025-00344-w · Cited by 8
Mancin, L., Rollo, I., Golzato, D., Segata, N., Petri, C., Pengue, L., Vergani, L., Cassone, N., Corsini, A., Mota, J. F., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0012 · Cited by 8
Jaago, M., Timmusk, U. S., Timmusk, T., & Palm, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.654008 · Cited by 8
“Variation in genera was suggested to be linked to the variance in species’ composition across different types of sports (9).”
BackgroundAssociation of leisure time physical activity with gut microbiota composition in early adulthood
Boelius, H.-M., Aatsinki, A., Heiskanen, M. A., Haapala, E. A., Munukka, E., Mykkänen, J., Kartiosuo, N., Lahti, L., Keskitalo, A., Huovinen, P., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02287-2 · Cited by 5
Carlone, J., Parisi, A., & Fasano, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2025.1641923 · Cited by 8
Exercise as a modulator of gut microbiota for improvement of sleep quality: a narrative review
Zhao, B., Sun, J., Xiang, L., & Su, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1639099 · Cited by 6
Exercise and Diet Reshape Athletes’ Gut Microbiota: Countering Health Challenges in Athletes
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, F., & Zhou, G. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15121812 · Cited by 5
Human gut microbiome determining athletes’ performance: An insight from genomic analysis
Cheng, S. C., Chang, C., Chen, Y., Gojobori, T., & Chiu, P.-K. (2025) · Ecological Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.egg.2025.100327 · Cited by 6
Luk, A. W. S., Mitchell, L., Koay, Y. C., O’Sullivan, J., O'Connor, H. T., Hackett, D. A., & Holmes, A. J. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12100911 · Cited by 6
“The duration of exercise [22] and the type of sport [23] have different impacts on the gut microbiota.”
BackgroundWang, H., Ma, H., Yan, H., Pei, Z., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., & Lu, W. (2025) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10493-7 · Cited by 4
Fiorilli, G., Medoro, A., Viciani, E., di Cagno, A., Calcagno, G., Costanzo, A. D., Castagnetti, A., Scapagnini, G., & Davinelli, S. (2025) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2025.112957 · Cited by 4
Regular Physical Activity Influences Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects
Jurdana, M., & Maganja, D. B. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.110725 · Cited by 5
The Impact of Physical Effort on the Gut Microbiota of Long-Distance Fliers
Ferrari, E. D., Oliveira, B. C. M., Creasey, H. N., da Silva, D. R. R., Nakamura, A. A., Bresciani, K. D. S., & Widmer, G. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071766 · Cited by 4
“observed differences in the functional repertoire of the fecal microbiota of athletes competing in different disciplines [14].”
BackgroundMethodThe current state of the problem of intestinal microbiota according to pediatricians
Харитонова, Л. А., & Grigoryev, K. I. (2024) · Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология · doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-226-6-176-187 · Cited by 3
Microbiota and child health: objectives of medical practice
Харитонова, Л. А., Grigoriev, K. I., Папышева, О. В., & Николаевна, Б. С. (2022) · Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) · doi:10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-1-5-13 · Cited by 5
Cataloging metagenome-assembled genomes and microbial genes from the athlete gut microbiome
Wosinska, L., Walsh, L. H., Walsh, C. J., Cotter, P. D., Guinane, C. M., & O’Sullivan, Ó. (2024) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2023.69 · Cited by 4
Self-citationThe effect of physical activity on gut microbiota. A review
Barzak, B., Hankus, K., Parmar, S., & Woźniak, S. (2022) · Medical Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.2478/acb-2022-0021 · Cited by 3
The Universal Endurance Microbiome?Preprint
Olbricht, H., Twadell, K., Sandel, B., Stephens, C. M., & Whittall, J. B. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.07.20.500882 · Cited by 3
Advances in Probiotics for Health and Nutrition
Zambare, V., Din, M. F. M., Gupta, P., & Prajapati, B. G. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.104299 · Cited by 2
Szopa, S., & Szymonik, J. (2024) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2023.15.002 · Cited by 2
From human to superhuman: the impact of the microbiome on physiology
Keely, S. J., Cotter, P. D., Wahlstrom, A. M., Schellekens, H., Weinkove, D., & Barrett, K. E. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp287883 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHenningsen, K., Gaskell, S. K., Young, P., Mika, A. S., Henry, R., & Costa, R. J. S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17203275 · Cited by 2
Exploring the Gut Microbiome in Combat Sports: A Systematic Scoping Review
Carlone, J., Rossi, C., Bianco, A., Drid, P., Parisi, A., & Fasano, A. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14010019 · Cited by 2
“These sport-specific characteristics could contribute to distinctive gut microbiota profiles in CSA compared with athletes from other disciplines, with variability in microbiota composition influenced by training and competition demands, dietary strategies, and travel-related stressors [5–7].”
Палладіна, О. Л., & Kaliga, A. M. (2024) · Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine · doi:10.29254/2077-4214-2024-2-173-95-102 · Cited by 1
“Однак, у дослідженні ірландських атлетів було вияв - лено більшу різноманітність видів Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Prevotella та Faecalibacterium у кишеч - нику спортсменів, які змагаються у видах спорту з пе - реважаючим аеробним енергозабезпеченням м´язо - вої діяльності [21, 22, 23].”
Mediation effect of gut microbiota on the relationship between physical activity and carotid plaque
Ouyang, W., Tang, B., He, Y., Wu, H., Yang, P., Yin, L., Li, X., Li, Y., & Huang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1432008 · Cited by 1
Unique Athletic Gut Microbiomes and Their Role in Sports Performance: A Narrative Review
Zielińska, K., Łabaj, P. P., & Humińska-Lisowska, K. (2025) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/202642 · Cited by 3
“One of the first studies comparing the gut microbiome between different sports identified distinct microbiome and metabolome compositions in subgroups of elite Irish athletes (O’Donovan et al., 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- O’Donovan, C. M., Madigan, S. M., Garcia-Perez, I., Rankin, A., O’ Sullivan, O., & Cotter, P. D.
- Affiliations
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- Sport Ireland Institute (IE)
- Venue
- Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-68
- ISSN
- 1440-2440 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2974208590
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of science and medicine in sport (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- T-Stór (Teagasc) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Science Foundation Ireland
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, urinary metabolome, fecal metabolome, elite athletes, training load, training type, 2016 Rio Olympics, cis-aconitate, succinic acid, lactate, creatinine, diet and microbiome
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Feces, Female, Humans, Ireland, Male, Sports, Urine, Metabolome, Athletes
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