The influence of physiobiomechanical parameters, technical aspects of shooting, and psychophysiological factors on biathlon performance: A review
Open accessAbstract
The biathlon, an Olympic sporting discipline that combines cross-country skiing with rifle marksmanship, entails considerable physiological demands, as well as fine motor control while shooting after intense exercise and under mental pressure. Although much of our knowledge about cross-country skiing is probably also applicable to the biathlon, carrying the rifle and shooting under stress make this discipline somewhat unique. The present review summarizes and examines the scientific literature related to biathlon performance, with a focus on physiological and biomechanical factors and shooting technique, as well as psychophysiological aspects of shooting performance. We conclude with suggestions for future research designed to extend our knowledge about the biathlon, which is presently quite limited.
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Carbohydrate oxidation predominates at intensities >75% V̇O2max sustained in most competitive events, including cross-country skiing and biathlon.
“These characteristics highlight the critical role of carbohydrates in fueling repeated high‐intensity efforts, explaining the predominance of carbohydrate oxidation at the intensities (> 75% V̇O2max) sustained in most competitive events, including cross‐country skiing and biathlon [8, 9].”
From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
In ‘Determinants of biathlon skiing performance’ (page unavailable), the review describes repeated high-intensity skiing bouts in biathlon and discusses the aerobic and anaerobic demands of biathlon and cross-country skiing. It does not state that carbohydrate oxidation predominates above 75% V̇O2max or that most competitive events sustain that intensity; searches for carbohydrate oxidation and the 75% threshold found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe physiological demands of elite cross-country skiing include exceptionally high V̇O2peak and efficiency across multiple sub-techniques, capacity for repeated supramaximal bursts, and physiological resilience to maintain technical precision and tactical execution under metabolic fatigue.
“In summary, the physiological demands of elite cross‐country skiing (and similarly of the endurance component of biathlon and Nordic combined) include: (i) exceptionally high V̇O2peak and efficiency across multiple sub‐techniques; (ii) the capacity for repeated supramaximal bursts; and (iii) the physiological resilience to maintain technical precision and tactical execution under metabolic fatigue”
From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
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An investigation of the effects of self-reported self-control strength on shooting performancePreprint
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올림픽 바이애슬론 남녀 개인경기별 경기수준에 따른 경기력 요인 비교분석
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Age category-related differences in pacing during biathlon sprint competition
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Laaksonen, M. S., Finkenzeller, T., Holmberg, H.-C., & Sattlecker, G.
- Affiliations
- Mid Sweden University (SE)
- University of Salzburg (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Laaksonen, Marko S.
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 394-404
- ISSN
- 2213-2961 (ISSN-L)
- 2095-2546
- PMC
- PMC6234024
- OpenAlex
- W2889720446
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Mechanics and Biomechanics Studies
- Keywords
- biathlon, cross-country skiing, rifle shooting, shooting technique, psychophysiology, mental pressure, physiological demands, biomechanics, fine motor control
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