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Global cardiac surgery: Access to cardiac surgical care around the world
Open accessAbstract
Objective Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for 17.5 million deaths every year, of which 80% occur in low- and middle-income countries. Some 75% of the world does not have access to cardiac surgery when needed because of lack of infrastructure, human resources, and financial coverage. This study aims to map access to cardiac surgery around the world. Methods A scoping review was done on access to cardiac surgery for an undifferentiated population. Workforce data were collected from the Cardiothoracic Surgery Network database and used to calculate numbers and ratios of adult and pediatric cardiac surgeons to population. Results A total of 12,180 adult cardiac surgeons and 3858 pediatric cardiac surgeons were listed in the Cardiothoracic Surgery Network in August 2017, equaling 1.64 (0-181.82) adult cardiac surgeons and 0.52 (0-25.97) pediatric cardiac surgeons per million population globally. Large disparities existed between regions, ranging from 0.12 adult cardiac surgeons and 0.08 pediatric cardiac surgeons per million population (sub-Saharan Africa) to 11.12 adult cardiac surgeons and 2.08 pediatric cardiac surgeons (North America). Low-income countries possessed 0.04 adult cardiac surgeons and 0.03 pediatric cardiac surgeons per million population, compared with 7.15 adult cardiac surgeons and 1.67 pediatric cardiac surgeons in high-income countries. Conclusions This study maps the current global state of access to cardiac surgery. Disparities exist between and within world regions, with a positive correlation between a nation's economic status and access to cardiac surgery. Low early mortality rates in low-resource settings suggest the possibility of high-quality cardiac surgery in low- and middle-income countries. There is the need to increase human and physical resources, while focusing on safety, quality, and efficiency to improve access to cardiac surgery for the 4.5 billion people without.
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“As a result, there are approximately 2.5 million people in need of cardiac surgery in low-income countries.14”
From Tetralogy of Fallot in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Globally, a recent study using the Cardiothoracic Surgery Network data estimated that many countries, particularly in Africa, do not have a paediatric cardiac surgery centre despite that their populations sometimes exceed 70 million.14”
From Tetralogy of Fallot in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“There are also major disparities in the distribution of congenital heart surgeons, with a rate of 0.08 surgeons per million vs 2.08 surgeons per million inhabitants in sub-Saharan Africa and in North America, respectively (Fig. 1).”
From Tetralogy of Fallot in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Workforce disparities are stark, with most of Sub-Saharan African countries having one cardiothoracic surgeon per 4 million people, where South Africa was the exception with 1.04 cardiothoracic surgeons per 1 million people (12).”
InfluentialKhadija, H. A., Darwish, A., Dabash, A., Ibraheem, K., Najajra, D., Fraitekh, Y. Z., Masu'd, M., Zahran, A., AbuAlrub, I., Awad, T. A., et al. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-04818-7
“Multicenter patient-reported outcome data from resource-constrained settings remain limited in the global cardiac surgery literature [24].”
Ahsan, A. K. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1016471
The role of SDF_1α/CXCR4 axis in non-antibody mediated TRALI in cardiac surgery patients
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“Approximately 1.5 million patients undergo cardiac surgery worldwide each year [1].”
InfluentialKasim, A. M., & Hassan, A. F. (2026) · Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/npmj.npmj_630_25
In Memoriam: Dominique Vervoort, MD, MPH, MBA (1994-2026)
Ouzounian, M., Dare, A., Yau, T. M., & Fremes, S. E. (2026) · CJC Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease · doi:10.1016/j.cjcpc.2026.04.004
In Memoriam: Dominique Vervoort, MD, MPH, MBA (1994-2026)
Ouzounian, M., Dare, A., Yau, T. M., & Fremes, S. E. (2026) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2026.04.007
In Memoriam: Dominique Vervoort, MD, MPH, MBA (1994-2026)
Ouzounian, M., Dare, A., Yau, T. M., & Fremes, S. E. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2026.04.024
From Survival to Lifelong Care: The Global Burden of Congenital Heart Disease
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Greater frailty is associated with higher learning needs after cardiovascular surgery
Ozturk, M., & Arlı, Ş. K. (2026) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvag227
Shruthi, S., & Naidu, D. H. R. (2026) · Awareness Journals · doi:10.67277/awj01-2026-000010
Mattos, S. S., Vervoort, D., Moshin, S., Sholler, G. F., Sethi, Y., Maheshwari, S., Sun, K., Bennett, D., Zuhlke, L. J., & Staveski, S. L. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.126.054084
Self-citationPartial heart transplantation in resource-limited settings: challenges and feasibility
Lee, D. S., & Rajab, T. K. (2026) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951126124573
“3,4,6,7,9 Challenges specific to resource-limited settings”
Metadata
- Authors
- Vervoort, D., Meuris, B., Meyns, B., & Verbrugghe, P.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Vervoort, Dominique
- Venue
- The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 987-996.e6
- ISSN
- 0022-5223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2940834286
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 3.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › History of Medical Practice
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiac and Coronary Surgery Techniques
- Keywords
- access to cardiac surgery, cardiac surgeons, pediatric cardiac surgery, low- and middle-income countries, global health disparities, cardiovascular mortality, surgical workforce, regional disparities, sub-Saharan Africa
- MeSH terms
- Developing Countries, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Needs and Demand, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Humans, Specialization, Global Health, Health Care Costs, Quality Indicators, Health Care, Needs Assessment, Healthcare Disparities, Surgeons
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