Cited by 420Thermoregulation and physiological responsesThermal Regulation in MedicineCardiovascular and exercise physiology

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Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures

Taylor, Nigel A.S., Tipton, Michael J., Kenny, Glen P.·2014·Journal of Thermal Biology

DOI 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.10.006

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Abstract

Despite previous reviews and commentaries, significant misconceptions remain concerning deep-body (core) and skin temperature measurement in humans. Therefore, the authors have assembled the pertinent Laws of Thermodynamics and other first principles that govern physical and physiological heat exchanges. The resulting review is aimed at providing theoretical and empirical justifications for collecting and interpreting these data. The primary emphasis is upon deep-body temperatures, with discussions of intramuscular, subcutaneous, transcutaneous and skin temperatures included. These are all turnover indices resulting from variations in local metabolism, tissue conduction and blood flow. Consequently, inter-site differences and similarities may have no mechanistic relationship unless those sites have similar metabolic rates, are in close proximity and are perfused by the same blood vessels. Therefore, it is proposed that a gold standard deep-body temperature does not exist. Instead, the validity of each measurement must be evaluated relative to one's research objectives, whilst satisfying equilibration and positioning requirements. When using thermometric computations of heat storage, the establishment of steady-state conditions is essential, but for clinically relevant states, targeted temperature monitoring becomes paramount. However, when investigating temperature regulation, the response characteristics of each temperature measurement must match the forcing function applied during experimentation. Thus, during dynamic phases, deep-body temperatures must be measured from sites that track temperature changes in the central blood volume.

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Authors: Taylor, N. A. S., Tipton, M. J., & Kenny, G. P.
Affiliations: University of Wollongong (AU)
University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Taylor, Nigel A.S.
ORCID: Taylor, Nigel A.S.
Kenny, Glen P.
Venue: Journal of Thermal Biology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-12
Volume: 46
Pages: 72-101
ISSN: 0306-4565 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.10.006
OpenAlex: W1991718440
Cited by: 420
References: 446
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 3.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Thermal Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Australian Research Council
Defence Science and Technology Organisation
U.K. Ministry of Defence
Shell U.K
Home Office
the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Workplace Safety and Insurance Board
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: core body temperature, skin temperature, intramuscular temperature, subcutaneous temperature, thermal energy storage, steady-state conditions, temperature regulation, measurement site selection, blood flow
MeSH terms: Blood Volume, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Calorimetry, Humans, Mathematics, Metabolism, Skin Temperature, Thermodynamics

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Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures

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