The burden of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm among young people in Europe, 1990–2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Open accessAbstract
Background: Mental health is a public health issue for European young people, with great heterogeneity in resource allocation. Representative population-based studies are needed. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 provides internationally comparable information on trends in the health status of populations and changes in the leading causes of disease burden over time. Methods: Prevalence, incidence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Years of Life Lost (YLLs) from mental disorders (MDs), substance use disorders (SUDs) and self-harm were estimated for young people aged 10-24 years in 31 European countries. Rates per 100,000 population, percentage changes in 1990-2019, 95% Uncertainty Intervals (UIs), and correlations with Sociodemographic Index (SDI), were estimated. Findings: In 2019, rates per 100,000 population were 16,983 (95% UI 12,823 - 21,630) for MDs, 3,891 (3,020 - 4,905) for SUDs, and 89·1 (63·8 - 123·1) for self-harm. In terms of disability, anxiety contributed to 647·3 (432-912·3) YLDs, while in terms of premature death, self-harm contributed to 319·6 (248·9-412·8) YLLs, per 100,000 population. Over the 30 years studied, YLDs increased in eating disorders (14·9%;9·4-20·1) and drug use disorders (16·9%;8·9-26·3), and decreased in idiopathic developmental intellectual disability (-29·1%;23·8-38·5). YLLs decreased in self-harm (-27·9%;38·3-18·7). Variations were found by sex, age-group and country. The burden of SUDs and self-harm was higher in countries with lower SDI, MDs were associated with SUDs. Interpretation: Mental health conditions represent an important burden among young people living in Europe. National policies should strengthen mental health, with a specific focus on young people. Funding: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Globally, mental disorders are among the leading causes of disability among people aged 10-24 years.
“Globally, mental disorders are among the leading causes of disability among this age group.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
The Discussion (Mental disorders; page not available) says previous global findings indicate a heavy burden of mental disorders and disability among young people. The Results (YLDs of MDs, SUDs and self-harm; page not available) calls mental disorders the leading cause of years lived with disability among 10–24-year-olds, but only in the 31 European countries studied. The paper does not establish a global ranking. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMonitoring trends in mental ill health requires robust epidemiological strategies and evidence, which to date have mainly been available in HICs.
“Monitoring trends in mental ill health requires robust epidemiological strategies and evidence, which to date have mainly been available in HICs.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [30]
The Introduction (page unavailable) calls for representative, standardized epidemiological studies, and the Discussion’s Strengths and limitations section says the 31 European countries studied have more data than many other parts of the world. The paper classifies those countries as high-income, but it does not establish the broader claim that robust evidence has mainly been available in high-income countries globally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Castelpietra, G., Knudsen, A. K. S., Agardh, E. E., Armocida, B., Beghi, M., Iburg, K. M., Logroscino, G., Ma, R., Starace, F., Steel, N., Addolorato, G., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Banach, M., Bärnighausen, T. W., Barone-Adesi, F., Bhagavathula, A. S., Carvalho, F., Carvalho, M., Chandan, J. S., Chattu, V. K., Couto, R. A. S., Cruz-Martins, N., Dargan, P. I., Deuba, K., da Silva, D. D., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Gaal, P. A., Gialluisi, A., Haagsma, J. A., Haro, J. M., Hasan, M. T., Hasan, S. S., Hostiuc, S., Iacoviello, L., Iavicoli, I., Jamshidi, E., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Jozwiak, J. J., Katikireddi, S. V., Kauppila, J. H., Khan, M. A. B., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimäki, M., Koly, K. N., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, M., Lallukka, T., Langguth, B., Ledda, C., Lee, P. H., Lega, I., Linehan, C., Loureiro, J. A., Madureira-Carvalho, Á. M., Martinez-Raga, J., Mathur, M. R., McGrath, J. J., Mechili, E. A., Mentis, A.-F. A., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Mirica, A., Mirijello, A., Moazen, B., Mohammed, S., Mulita, F., Nagel, G., Negoi, I., Negoi, R. I., Nwatah, V. E., Padron-Monedero, A., Panda-Jonas, S., Pardhan, S., Pasovic, M., Patel, J., Petcu, I.-R., Pinheiro, M., Pollok, R. C. G., Postma, M. J., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Romero-Rodríguez, E., Ronfani, L., Sagoe, D., Sanmarchi, F., Schaub, M. P., Sharew, N. T., Shiri, R., Shokraneh, F., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Silva, J. P., Silva, R., Socea, B., Szócska, M., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Torrado, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Vasankari, T. J., Veroux, M., Viner, R. M., Werdecker, A., Winkler, A. S., Hay, S. I., Ferrari, A. J., Naghavi, M., Allebeck, P., & Monasta, L.
- Affiliations
- Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia (IT)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
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- Corresponding author
- Castelpietra, Giulio
- ORCID
- Castelpietra, Giulio
- Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo
- Agardh, Emilie E.
- Armocida, Benedetta
- Beghi, Massimiliano
- Iburg, Kim Moesgaard
- Logroscino, Giancarlo
- Ma, Rui
- Starace, Fabrizio
- Steel, Nicholas
- Addolorato, Giovanni
- Andrei, Tudorel
- Banach, Maciej
- Bärnighausen, Till Winfried
- Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
- Carvalho, Márcia
- Chandan, Joht Singh
- Chattu, Vijay Kumar
- Dargan, Paul I.
- Deuba, Keshab
- Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis
- Fernandes, Eduarda
- Ferrara, Pietro
- Fischer, Florian
- Gialluisi, Alessandro
- Haro, Josep Maria
- Hasan, M. Tasdik
- Hasan, Syed Shahzad
- Hostiuc, Sorin
- Iacoviello, Licia
- Iavicoli, Ivo
- Jamshidi, Elham
- Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
- Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal
- Kauppila, Joonas H.
- Khan, Moien A.B.
- Koly, Kamrun Nahar
- Koyanagi, Ai
- Kumar, Manasi
- Lallukka, Tea
- Langguth, Berthold
- Ledda, Caterina
- Lee, Paul H.
- Lega, Ilaria
- Linehan, Christine
- Loureiro, Joana A.
- Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M
- Mathur, Manu Raj
- McGrath, John J.
- Mechili, Enkeleint A.
- Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A.
- Miazgowski, Bartosz
- Mirijello, Antonio
- Moazen, Babak
- Mohammed, Shafiu
- Mulita, Francesk
- Nagel, Gabriele
- Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
- Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka
- Pardhan, Shahina
- Pasovic, Maja
- Patel, Jay
- Petcu, Ionela-Roxana
- Pinheiro, Marina
- Postma, Maarten J.
- Rawaf, David Laith
- Rawaf, Salman
- Ronfani, Luca
- Sagoe, Dominic
- Sanmarchi, Francesco
- Schaub, Michael P
- Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse
- Shiri, Rahman
- Shokraneh, Farhad
- Silva, João Pedro
- Silva, Renata
- Szócska, Miklós
- Torrado, Marco
- Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
- Veroux, Massimiliano
- Viner, Russell M.
- Werdecker, Andrea
- Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
- Hay, Simon I.
- Ferrari, Alize J.
- Naghavi, Mohsen
- Monasta, Lorenzo
- Venue
- The Lancet Regional Health - Europe
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 16
- Pages
- 100341
- ISSN
- 2666-7762 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8980870
- OpenAlex
- W3200600985
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 13
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- Funders
- U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
- Queensland Health
- Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (MIMS-860)
- World Health Organization
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- University of Pennsylvania
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit
- European Commission
- Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium
- Wellcome Trust (K43 TW010716-04)
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (UIDB/50006/2020)
- EIT Health
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2, MR/R024227/1, MR/S011676/1)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (221854/Z/20/Z)
- Sigrid Juséliuksen Säätiö
- Syöpäjärjestöt
- Horizon 2020
- European Regional Development Fund
- Public Health England
- National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1121516)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (LA/P/0140/2020, UIDB/04378/2020, UIDP/04378/2020)
- Kela (29/26/2020)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- National Rosacea Society (SCAF/15/02)
- Fogarty International Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- mental illness, substance use disorders, self-harm, youth, disease burden, years lived with disability, years of life lost, anxiety, eating disorders, drug use disorders, intellectual disability, socio-demographic index, sex differences, temporal trends, Europe, Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, premature mortality, mental health disparities, mental health policy, mental health services
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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