The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Getting on top of the glass cliff: Reviewing a decade of evidence, explanations, and impact
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the challenges persist even for those who manage to break through the glass ceiling, as women are more likely than men to hold risky and precarious management positions-a phenomenon referred to as the 'glass cliff' (Amakye et al., 2021;Ryan et al., 2016).”
From Barriers to Leadership: Experiences of Women Leaders in Business and Politics (2024) · cites this paper as Ryan et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609220.014 · Cited by 32,720
Separation of Ownership and Control
Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/467037 · Cited by 19,914
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068 · cited 1×
“Moreover, the “ fi le-drawer ” phenomenon suggests that there are likely to be an even greater number of studies with non-signi fi cant results that have not been published (Rosenthal, 1979).”
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 · Cited by 7,364
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573 · Cited by 7,300
Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes.
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741 · Cited by 4,872
Heilman, M. E. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234 · Cited by 2,482
The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.004 · Cited by 1,886
The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics.
Schein, V. E. (1973) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037128 · Cited by 1,870
Through the labyrinth: the truth about how women become leaders
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-6881 · Cited by 1,846
Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms
Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023557 · Cited by 1,748
Pearson, C. M., & Clair, J. A. (1998) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1998.192960 · Cited by 1,534
Too Busy to Mind the Business? Monitoring by Directors with Multiple Board Appointments
Ferris, S. P., Jagannathan, M., & Pritchard, A. C. (2003) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/1540-6261.00559 · Cited by 1,481
The Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Over‐Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions
Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2005) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00433.x · Cited by 1,457
Self-citationMeindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392813 · Cited by 1,343
Kay, A. C., & Jost, J. T. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.823 · Cited by 1,132
Sex bias in work settings: The Lack of Fit model.
Heilman, M. E. (1983) · Research in Organizational Behavior · Cited by 1,018
Appointments of outsiders to Japanese boards: Determinants and implications for managers
Kaplan, S. N., & Minton, B. A. (1994) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(94)90025-6 · Cited by 992
Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.24351856 · Cited by 938
Self-citationPublic Leadership in Times of Crisis: Mission Impossible?
Boin, A., & Hart, P. ‘. (2003) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/1540-6210.00318 · Cited by 878
The romance of leadership as a follower-centric theory: A social constructionist approach
Meindl, J. R. (1995) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90012-8 · Cited by 849
Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments
Hamilton, D. L., & Gifford, R. K. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(76)80006-6 · Cited by 842
Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators.
Paustian‐Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., & Woehr, D. J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036751 · Cited by 782
From crisis prone to crisis prepared: a framework for crisis management
Pearson, C. M., & Mitroff, I. I. (1993) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/ame.1993.9409142058 · Cited by 726
The Developmental Theory of the Gender Gap: Women’s and Men’s Voting Behavior in Global Perspective
Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2000) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/0192512100214007 · Cited by 670
Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., Hersby, M. D., & Bongiorno, R. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022133 · Cited by 565
Self-citationShe'‐e‐os: gender effects and investor reactions to the announcements of top executive appointments
Lee, P. M., & James, E. H. (2007) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.575 · Cited by 538
Climbing the corporate ladder: Do female and male executives follow the same route?
Lyness, K. S., & Thompson, D. E. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.86 · Cited by 525
Haslam, S. A., & Ryan, M. K. (2008) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.011 · Cited by 525
Self-citationWomen and Top Leadership Positions: Towards an Institutional Analysis
Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2013) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12018 · Cited by 495
Above the glass ceiling? A comparison of matched samples of female and male executives.
Lyness, K. S., & Thompson, D. E. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.359 · Cited by 448
Above the glass ceiling: When are women and racial/ethnic minorities promoted to CEO?
Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2013) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2161 · Cited by 441
The underrepresentation of women in science: Differential commitment or the queen bee syndrome?
Ellemers, N., van den Heuvel, H., de Gilder, D., Maass, A., & Bonvini, A. (2004) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144666042037999 · Cited by 416
Haslam, S. A., Ryan, M. K., Kulich, C., Trojanowski, G., & Atkins, C. (2009) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00670.x · Cited by 341
Self-citationThe glass ceiling in the 21st century: understanding barriers to gender equality
Barreto, M., Ryan, M. K., & Schmitt, M. T. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11863-000 · Cited by 323
Organisational Crisis-Preparedness: The Importance of Learning from Failures
Carmeli, A., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2008) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2008.01.001 · Cited by 318
The glass cliff: When and why women are selected as leaders in crisis contexts
Bruckmüller, S., & Branscombe, N. R. (2009) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x466594 · Cited by 312
Do sexist organizational cultures create the Queen Bee?
Derks, B., Ellemers, N., van Laar, C., & de Groot, K. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466610x525280 · Cited by 312
LEADERSHIP STYLE, CRISIS RESPONSE AND BLAME MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF HURRICANE KATRINA
Boin, A., Hart, P. ‘., McConnell, A., & Preston, T. (2010) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01836.x · Cited by 305
Who gets the carrot and who gets the stick? Evidence of gender disparities in executive remuneration
Kulich, C., Trojanowski, G., Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., & Renneboog, L. D. R. (2010) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.878 · Cited by 264
Self-citationRyan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., & Kulich, C. (2010) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01541.x · Cited by 244
Self-citationAre Female Executives Over‐represented in Precarious Leadership Positions?
Adams, S. M., Gupta, A. K., & Leeth, J. D. (2007) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00549.x · Cited by 223
Brescoll, V. L., Dawson, E. C., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610384744 · Cited by 174
Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., & Postmes, T. (2007) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/09534810710724748 · Cited by 164
Self-citationCrisis and the Emergence of Charismatic Leadership in Groups: An Experimental Investigation1
Pillai, R. (1996) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb02730.x · Cited by 137
A Change Will Do Us Good: Threats Diminish Typical Preferences for Male Leaders
Brown, E. R., Diekman, A. B., & Schneider, M. C. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211403322 · Cited by 133
Females and Precarious Board Positions: Further Evidence of the Glass Cliff
Mulcahy, M., & Linehan, C. (2013) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12046 · Cited by 132
Glass Cliffs and Organizational Saviors
Cook, A., & Glass, C. (2013) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2013.60.2.168 · Cited by 99
Schaller, M., & Maass, A. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.5.709 · Cited by 99
Some Ceilings Have More Cracks
Smith, A. E., & Monaghan, K. (2011) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074011420997 · Cited by 97
Think crisis–think female: Further evidence
Gartzia, L., Ryan, M. K., Balluerka, N., & Aritzeta, A. (2011) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2011.591572 · Cited by 94
Self-citationWomen in management worldwide: facts, figures and analysis
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-1044 · Cited by 89
O’Reilly, J., Smith, M., Deakin, S. F., & Burchell, B. J. (2015) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bev010 · Cited by 75
Ashby, J. S., Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2007) · The William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository (William & Mary) · Cited by 69
Self-citationSector, size, stability, and scandal
Brady, D., Isaacs, K. P., Reeves, M., Burroway, R., & Reynolds, M. M. (2011) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/17542411111109327 · Cited by 66
Women in Management Worldwide: Facts, Figures and Analysis
(2005) · Women in Management Review · doi:10.1108/09649420510579595 · Cited by 54
Kulich, C., Ryan, M. K., & Haslam, S. A. (2013) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912913495740 · Cited by 50
Self-citationSocial resources at a time of crisis: How gender stereotypes inform gendered leader evaluations
Rink, F. A., Ryan, M. K., & Stoker, J. I. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1954 · Cited by 39
Self-citationRink, F. A., Ryan, M. K., & Stoker, J. I. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612453115 · Cited by 38
Self-citationBoard diversity in the perspective of financial distress: Empirical evidence from the Netherlands
Santen, B., & Donker, H. A. (2009) · Corporate Board role duties and composition · doi:10.22495/cbv5i2art3 · Cited by 33
Hunt‐Earle, K. (2012) · Global Business and Organizational Excellence · doi:10.1002/joe.21441 · Cited by 32
On the Edge of a Glass Cliff: Women in Leadership in Local Government
Smith, A. E. (2014) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2014.15946abstract · Cited by 7
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Hennessey, 2013, Is there a” glass cliff?” examining the phenomenon using board of director appointments in Canada, Academy of Organizational Culture, Communication and Conflict, 9
- Judge, 2003, Women on board: Help or hindrance?, The Times, p., 21
- Morgenroth, T., & Wegge, J. (2015). Signaling change: What companies hope to gain from appointing women to glass cliff positions. Unpublished diploma thesis, Technical University Dresden, Germany.
- Silva, 2012, Good intentions, imperfect execution: Women get fewer of the “hot jobs” needed to advance, Catalyst, 15-17
- Woods, 2004, Are female execs walking into trouble?, The Daily Telegraph, 23
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pandemics: Implications for research and practice in industrial and organizational psychology
Rudolph, C. W., Allan, B. A., Clark, M. A., Hertel, G., Hirschi, A., Kunze, F., Shockley, K. M., Shoss, M. K., Sonnentag, S., & Zacher, H. (2021) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2020.48 · Cited by 559
Crisis leadership: A review and future research agenda
Wu, Y. L., Shao, B., Newman, A., & Schwarz, G. (2021) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101518 · Cited by 336
Female directors and managerial opportunism: Monitoring versus advisory female directors
Zalata, A. M., Ntim, C. G., Choudhry, T., Hassanein, A., & Elzahar, H. (2019) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101309 · Cited by 261
Sergent, K., & Stajković, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000577 · Cited by 280
CFO Gender and Financial Statement Irregularities
Gupta, V. K., Mortal, S. C., Chakrabarty, B., Guo, X., & Turban, D. B. (2019) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2017.0713 · Cited by 202
Metadata
- Authors
- Ryan, M. K., Haslam, S. A., Morgenroth, T., Rink, F., Stoker, J., & Peters, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ryan, Michelle K.
- Venue
- The Leadership Quarterly
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 446-455
- ISSN
- 1048-9843 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2282655057
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 65.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- The Leadership Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Social Fund (4130)
- Economic and Social Research Council (062 23 0135)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
- Keywords
- glass cliff, women in leadership, gender and leadership, leadership appointments, moderators, gender stereotypes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
