Chemistry of cyanine dyes-A review
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Significant red-shifts in emission wavelength are primarily achieved through elongation of the polymethine chain and fine structural modifications, including extension or modification of terminal heterocycles, electron-donating or withdrawing substituents on terminal units, and cyclization of the polymethine chain.
“Significant red-shifts in emission wavelength are primarily achieved through two strategies: elongation of the polymethine chain and fine structural modifications, including extension or modification of terminal heterocycles, electron-donating or withdrawing substituents on terminal units and cyclization of the polymethine chain111–113.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [112]
Each methylene unit inserted between donor and acceptor typically induces a red-shift of ~100 nm.
“A general rule, as exemplified in cyanine dyes, is that each methylene unit inserted between donor and acceptor typically induces a red-shift of ~100 nm111–123.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [112]
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References 58 · Cited by 77
- Authors
- Gopika, G. S., Prasad, P. M. H., Lekshmi, A. G., Lekshmypriya, S., Sreesaila, S., Arunima, C., Kumar, M. S., Anil, A., Sreekumar, A., & Pillai, Z. S.
- Affiliations
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Pillai, Zeena S.
- Venue
- Materials Today: Proceedings
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 46
- Pages
- 3102-3108
- ISSN
- 2214-7853 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3136725252
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Materials Today Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Synthesis and Properties of Aromatic Compounds
- Keywords
- cyanine dyes, hemicyanine, dye synthesis, aggregation behavior, fluorescent sensors, photorefractive materials, photoreceptors, pigments
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