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The World Health Organization (WHO) approach to healthy ageing
Open accessAbstract
The ageing of the global population is the most important medical and social demographic problem worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined healthy ageing as a process of maintaining functional ability to enable wellbeing in older age. The WHO, Member States and Partners for Sustainable Development Goals have created a Global Strategy and Action Plan for Ageing and Health for 2016-2020 and its continuation with the WHO programme The Decade of Healthy Ageing 2020-2030. The WHO has established main priorities such as supporting country planning and action, collecting better global data and promoting research on healthy ageing, aligning health systems to the needs of older people, laying the foundations and ensuring the human resources necessary for long-term integrated care, undertaking a global campaign to combat ageism, and enhancing the global network for age-friendly cities and communities. There are several reports of coordinated preventive health and social health initiatives in well developed countries. However, there is little evidence on the application of the active ageing frameworks in developing countries. Greater national capacities and closer monitoring of the progress through age-disaggregated data is needed to effectively implement the intended programmes on healthy ageing.
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“Aging is associated with muscle loss, increased body fat, reduced bone density, and cardiovascular and cognitive decline, all of which heighten frailty and fall risk [86,87].”
From The Power of Environment: A Comprehensive Review of the Exposome's Role in Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Preventive Medicine-Lessons from Blue Zones and Cilento (2025) · cites this paper as [87]
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“On the other hand, muscle strength training combined with food supplementation strategies seems to increase the benefits, and become a doubly effective intervention to promote healthy aging in adults over 50 years of age [35,36,37].”
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Efforts to address the Sustainable Development Goals in older populations: a scoping review
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“In this context, the concepts of “successful aging” (8, 9), “healthy aging” (10, 11), and “active aging” (12, 13) have been introduced to reflect positive responses to aging in various countries worldwide.”
BackgroundNatural products reverse cancer multidrug resistance
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InfluentialUsing a system of equations to assess the determinants of the walking behavior of older adults
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“The global population aged 65 and over in 2000 was 18 percent, while by 2050 it will reach 38 percent (19).”
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Impact of health and transportation on accessing healthcare in older adults living in rural regions
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BackgroundUnderstanding older adults’ acceptance of Chatbots in healthcare delivery: an extended UTAUT model
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“The World Health Organization defines older adults as 60 years and above (91), we thus include this criterion.”
The Capability Approach and the WHO healthy ageing framework (for the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing)
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“The program included sessions that taught participants: (1) a variety of methods to elicit the relaxation response, (2) the practice of adaptive coping and cognitions, (3) behaviors necessary to create a healthy lifestyle, and (4) methods of building social support.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTerkelsen, A. S., Wester, C. T., Guliš, G., Jespersen, J., & Andersen, P. T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013043 · Cited by 44
“How can these extra life years be spent in good health? Together with member states, the WHO presented a Global Strategy and Action Plan towards Aging and Health for 2016–2020, followed by The United Nations Decade of Healthy Aging 2021–2030 to foster healthy aging and improve the lives of older people, their families…”
BackgroundHorgan, S. A., Prorok, J. C., Ellis, K., Mullaly, L., Cassidy, K.-L., Seitz, D. P., & Checkland, C. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21060664 · Cited by 44
“For instance, when community programs and healthcare services are delivered in ways that support older adults to maintain their independence, autonomy, and choice, they improve mental health and wellbeing [17].”
BackgroundLuo, W., Sun, M.-L., Wan, J., Zhang, Z.-Y., Huang, J., Zhang, J., Xiong, W.-X., Xia, L.-R., Xu, P., Miao, C., et al. (2023) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-023-02092-2 · Cited by 33
“Adults aged > 65 years old are the fastest growing segment of the population around the world [28].”
BackgroundSocial participation of community-dwelling older adults in western China: A latent profile analysis
Luo, D., Yu, S., Wang, J., Zhu, Y., Yang, L., Bai, R., Rao, Q., Zhang, Q., Wu, D., Wang, F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.874204 · Cited by 40
Boccardi, V., & Marano, L. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102272 · Cited by 44
Multimorbidity and polypharmacy in hospitalized older patients: a cross-sectional study
Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Zhu, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., & Dong, Y. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04109-4 · Cited by 39
Ko, K. Y., Kwok, Z. C. M., & Chan, H. Y. L. (2023) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12562 · Cited by 48
Advancing multiple sclerosis management in older adults
van der Walt, A., Strijbis, E. M. M., Bridge, F., Coetzee, T., Graves, J., Brownlee, W. J., Butzkueven, H., Marrie, R. A., Hua, L. H., Lampe, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-025-01115-5 · Cited by 41
Li, M., Ao, Y., Peng, P., Bahmani, H., Han, L., Zhou, Z., & Li, Q. (2023) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2023.07.005 · Cited by 38
Huang, K., Jiao, Z., Cai, Y., & Zhong, Z. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13787 · Cited by 38
Field Effect Transistor Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring (4/2024)
Zhang, Z., Hu, J., Lin, S., Wu, J., Xia, F., & Lou, X. (2024) · Interdisciplinary medicine · doi:10.1002/inmd.20240032 · Cited by 42
Resilience and Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults: A Review of Recent Literature
Grigoraș, G., Ilie, A. C., Turcu, A.-M., Albişteanu, S.-M., Lungu, I.-D., Ștefăniu, R., Pîslaru, A. I., Gavrilovici, O., & Alexa, I. D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14217729 · Cited by 45
Meier, C., & Maurer, J. (2022) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-022-00696-0 · Cited by 36
Yang, L., Yang, H., Cui, J., Zhao, Y., & Gao, F. (2024) · Transactions in Urban Data Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/27541231241249866 · Cited by 36
“It meets the demands of daily short-distance travel and offers a wealth of advantages in terms of low impact, physical and mental health, and high accessibility (Michel et al., 2021; Rudnicka et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKuang, X., Dong, Y., Song, L., Dong, L., Chao, G., Zhang, X., & Yang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1295342 · Cited by 36
Patterson, A. M., Vemula, S., Plett, P. A., Sampson, C. H., Chua, H. L., Fisher, A., Wu, T., Sellamuthu, R., Feng, H., Katz, B. P., et al. (2022) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rade-22-00071.1 · Cited by 37
“The worldwide population is getting older (14), and aging has a major influence on hematopoietic cell composition and function.”
BackgroundBruserud, Ø., Vo, A. K., & Reikvam, H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030706 · Cited by 37
“The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of anemia is 13.0 g/100 mL for men and 12.0 g/100 mL for non-pregnant women (Table 3) [95].”
BackgroundInfluentialSingle-cell RNA-Seq analysis of diabetic wound macrophages in STZ-induced mice
Ma, J., Song, R., Liu, C., Cao, G., Zhang, G. K., Wu, Z., Zhang, H., Sun, R. X., Chen, A., Wang, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1007/s12079-022-00707-w · Cited by 34
“Projections indicate that in 2050, there will be more older people aged 60 years or older than adolescents aged 10–24 years (2.1 billion versus 2 billion) (Rudnicka et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroendoscopic Lumbar Posterior Decompression Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Literature Review
Suzuki, A., & Nakamura, H. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58030384 · Cited by 34
“Due to rapid aging of the population [2] and accumulating evidence indicating the effectiveness of surgery for lumbar diseases [3–5], the number of lumbar surgeries is increasing worldwide [6–9].”
TOMM40 genetic variants associated with healthy aging and longevity: a systematic review
Chen, S., Sarasua, S. M., Davis, N. J., DeLuca, J. M., Boccuto, L., Thielke, S. M., & Yu, C. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03337-4 · Cited by 33
“Healthy aging involves the ability of the body to maintain proper mental and physical capability through these changes, and enables wellbeing in older age [26].”
BackgroundMantzorou, M., Mentzelou, M., Vasios, G. K., Kontogiorgis, C. A., Antasouras, G., Vadikolias, Κ., Psara, E., Vorvolakos, T., Poulios, E., Serdari, A., et al. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12050983 · Cited by 39
“In this context, the promotion of healthy dietary patterns, such as the MD, and physical activity is a cost-effective way to improve health outcomes and promote healthy ageing [7,89,90].”
BackgroundFrailty and biological age. Which best describes our aging and longevity?
Félix, J., de Toda, I. M., Cerro, E. D., González-Sánchez, M., & la Fuente, M. D. (2024) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2024.101291 · Cited by 39
Aging insights from heterochronic parabiosis models
Lagunas‐Rangel, F. A. (2024) · npj Aging · doi:10.1038/s41514-024-00166-0 · Cited by 35
The Hallmarks of Ageing in Microglia
Carr, L. M., Mustafa, S., & Collins‐Praino, L. E. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-025-01564-y · Cited by 37
“Globally, the number of individuals over the age of 60 is projected to double by 2050 (Rudnicka et al. 2020).”
Yang, Y., Piao, W., Huang, K., Fang, H., Ju, L., Zhao, L., Yu, D., & Ma, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14040844 · Cited by 33
“With the rapid pace of population aging, there is an urgent need to lower their risk of NCDs by adopting multiple measures for the well-being of aging people, which would further benefit global sustainable development and healthy aging progress [7].”
BackgroundNurses’ clinical competency and its correlates: before and during the COVID-19 outbreak
Hui, T., Zakeri, M. A., Soltanmoradi, Y., Rahimi, N., Rafsanjanipoor, S. M. H., Nouroozi, M., & Dehghan, M. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01330-9 · Cited by 33
Senolytic Therapy Enabled by Senescent Cell‐Sensitive Biomimetic Melanin Nano‐Senolytics
Zhang, H., Xu, X., Shou, X., Liao, W., Jin, C., Chen, C., Zhang, C. Y., Gao, W., Zhang, J., Ge, W., et al. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202401085 · Cited by 34
Pérez, R. F., Tezanos, P., Peñarroya, A., González-Ramón, A., Urdinguio, R. G., Gancedo-Verdejo, J., Tejedor, J. R., Santamarina‐Ojeda, P., Alba‐Linares, J. J., Sainz‐Ledo, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49608-z · Cited by 34
Guo, C., Ding, T., Cheng, Y., Zheng, J., Fang, X., & Feng, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1548675 · Cited by 32
Chen, Q., Ni, C., Jiang, Y., Chen, L., Liao, H., Gao, J., Qin, X. R., Pan, S., Luan, X., Wu, Y., et al. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-06095-1 · Cited by 32
“Importantly, the health status of older adults is not homogeneous and is strongly influenced by regional differences in socioeconomic development, healthcare access, environmental exposures, and lifestyle factors [14, 15].”
Iamtrakul, P., & Chayphong, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114572 · Cited by 46
“The projections indicate that in 2050 there will be a more significant number of older people aged 60 or over [3].”
BackgroundMolecular inhibition of RAS signalling to target ageing and age-related health
Laskovs, M., Partridge, L., & Slack, C. (2022) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.049627 · Cited by 36
“The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined healthy ageing as the process of maintaining functional ability to enable wellbeing in older age (Rudnicka et al., 2020).”
BackgroundXu, L., Li, S., Yan, R., Ni, Y., Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1139700 · Cited by 31
“Studies were included as follows: (1) Randomized controlled trials (RCT) or quasi-experimental studies; (2) Participants (≥60 years) were cognitively intact or without significant cognitive impairment as well as depression, memory loss, suicidal tendencies or acute mental disorders (e.”
BackgroundMethodEltaybani, S., Kawase, K., Kato, R., Inagaki, A., Li, C., Shinohara, M., Igarashi, A., Sakka, M., Sumikawa, Y., Fukui, C., et al. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.03.018 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Rudnicka, E., Napierała, P., Podfigurna, A., Męczekalski, B., Smolarczyk, R., & Grymowicz, M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Grymowicz, Monika
- Venue
- Maturitas
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 139
- Pages
- 6-11
- ISSN
- 0378-5122 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7250103
- OpenAlex
- W3032592468
- Cited by
- 1,750
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 324 · 2025: 465 · 2024: 484 · 2023: 278 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 124.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Maturitas (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- healthy aging, World Health Organization, ageism, active ageing, older adults, developing countries, population aging
- MeSH terms
- Healthy Aging, Aged, Aging, Humans, Global Health, World Health Organization
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