Reference Standards for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measured With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Open accessAbstract
Objective To develop standards for cardiorespiratory fitness by establishing reference values derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in the United States.Patients and methods Eight laboratories in the US experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed data from January 1, 2014, through February 1, 2015, from 7783 maximal (respiratory exchange ratio, ≥ 1.0) treadmill tests from men and women (aged 20-79 years) without cardiovascular disease (CVD) to the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Data Base (FRIEND). Percentiles of maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max) for men and women were determined for each decade from 20 years of age through 79 years of age. Comparisons of VO 2max were made to reference data established with CPX data from Norway and to US reference data established without CPX measurements.Results There were significant differences between sex and age groups for VO 2max. In FRIEND, the 50th percentile VO 2max of men and women aged 20 to 29 years decreased from 48.0 and 37.6 mLO2 · kg(-1) · min(-1) to 24.4 and 18.3 mLO2 · kg(-1) · min(-1) for ages 70 to 79 years, respectively. The rate of decline in this cohort during a 5-decade period was approximately 10% per decade.Conclusion These are the first cardiorespiratory fitness reference data using measures obtained from CPX in the United States. FRIEND can be used to provide a more accurate interpretation of measured VO 2max from maximal exercise tests for the US population compared with previous standards on the basis of workload-derived estimations.
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Using the FRIEND database, good fitness for a 65-year-old man approximates at least 8.7 METs.
“For example, using the FRIEND database, “good” fitness for a 65-year-old man approximates ≥8.7 METs.”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [59]
The Results (page unavailable) say FRIEND provides fitness percentiles by age and sex, so it is a relevant source for a 65-year-old man's reference value. The passages available from our copy do not give an 8.7-MET threshold or define that value as “good” fitness; the Results refer to Table 3 without reproducing its values. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe FRIEND analysis provides age-, sex-, and fitness-adjusted aerobic training intensities that are compatible with attaining cardioprotective levels of CRF.
“This analysis uniquely provides age-, sex-, and fitness-adjusted aerobic training intensities that are compatible with attaining cardioprotective levels of CRF.”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [59]
The Methods and Discussion describe FRIEND as providing CRF reference values by age and sex, and the introduction links higher CRF with lower cardiovascular risk. The paper does not provide age-, sex-, and fitness-adjusted aerobic training intensities or show that particular intensities attain cardioprotective CRF levels. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Physical Fitness in Volunteer Firefighters
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Exercise as Medicine: The Impact of Exercise Training on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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Physical function and exercise training in older patients with heart failure
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Self-citationJohnson, J. L., Slentz, C. A., Ross, L. M., Huffman, K. M., & Kraus, W. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00452 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Imboden, M. T., Harber, M. P., WHALEY, M. H., Finch, W. H., Bishop, D. L., Fleenor, B. S., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.049 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPeterman, J. E., Arena, R. A., MYERS, J. N., Marzolini, S., Ross, R., Lavie, C. J., Wisløff, U., Stensvold, D., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.06.013 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationPeterman, J. E., Harber, M. P., Imboden, M. T., WHALEY, M. H., Fleenor, B. S., MYERS, J. N., Arena, R. A., Finch, W. H., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015117 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationCottle, R. M., Lichter, Z. S., Vecellio, D. J., Wolf, S. T., & Kenney, W. L. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00388.2022 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cardiorespiratory Reference Data in Older Adults: The Generation 100 Study
STENSVOLD, D., BUCHER SANDBAKK, S., VIKEN, H., ZISKO, N., REITLO, L. S., NAUMAN, J., GAUSTAD, S. E., HASSEL, E., MOUFACK, M., BRØNSTAD, E., et al. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001343 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Exercise Capacity, NT-proBNP, and Exercise Hemodynamics in Adults Post-Fontan
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Prenatal Exercise and Cardiorespiratory Health and Fitness: A Meta-analysis
Cai, C., Ruchat, S.-M., Sivak, A., & Davenport, M. H. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002279 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Age-related change in peak oxygen uptake and change of cardiovascular risk factors. The HUNT Study
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Peterman, J. E., Arena, R. A., MYERS, J. N., Marzolini, S., Ades, P. A., Savage, P. D., Lavie, C. J., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.022336 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation2023 update: The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in the United States
Kaminsky, L. A., MYERS, J. N., Brubaker, P. H., Franklin, B. A., Bonikowske, A. R., German, C. A., & Arena, R. A. (2024) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2024.01.020 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationAccuracy of Exercise-based Equations for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Peterman, J. E., Harber, M. P., Imboden, M. T., WHALEY, M. H., Fleenor, B. S., MYERS, J. N., Arena, R. A., & Kaminsky, L. A. (2020) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002435 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Kelley, E. P., Imboden, M. T., Harber, M. P., Finch, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & WHALEY, M. H. (2018) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes · doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.03.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationNeto, J. M. R., Tebexreni, A. S., Alves, A. N. F., Smanio, P. E. P., de Abreu, F. B., Thomazi, M. C., Nishio, P. A., & Antelmi, I. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209897 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Impaired central hemodynamics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during submaximal exercise
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Global Fitness Levels: Findings From a Web-Based Surveillance Report
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External validation of VO2max prediction models based on recreational and elite endurance athletes
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Effects of an 8-week training cessation period on cognition and functional capacity in older adults
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The application of proteomics in muscle exercise physiology
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Pechstein, A. E., Gollie, J. M., & Guccione, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk5040078 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Factors Influencing AMPK Activation During Cycling Exercise: A Pooled Analysis and Meta-Regression
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Acute Kidney Injury Biomarker Responses to Short-Term Heat Acclimation
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Self-citationReference Standards for Ventilatory Threshold Measured With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
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Self-citationThe V˙E/V˙co 2 Slope During Maximal Treadmill Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
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Self-citationPeak Ventilation Reference Standards from Exercise Testing: From the FRIEND Registry
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Self-citationMetabolism- and sex-dependent critical WBGT limits at rest and during exercise in the heat
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The Aging Athlete: Paradigm of Healthy Aging
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- Authors
- Kaminsky, L. A., Arena, R., & Myers, J.
- Affiliations
- Ball State University (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaminsky, Leonard A.
- Venue
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1515-1523
- ISSN
- 0025-6196 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4919021
- OpenAlex
- W2765043188
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 43.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Mayo Clinic Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 RX000344, IK6 RX002477)
- Johns Hopkins University
- Ball State University
- Southern Connecticut State University
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000050)
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, reference values, VO2max, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, treadmill exercise testing, age and sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Reference Values, Registries, Research, Sex Factors, United States, Cohort Studies
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