Data interpretation and forecasting of SHM heteroscedastic measurements under typhoon conditions enabled by an enhanced Hierarchical sparse Bayesian Learning model with high robustness
Open accessIntegrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Uncertainty, measured through modelling errors and confidence intervals, increases significantly under extreme wind and traffic conditions.
“Uncertainty, measured through modelling errors and confidence intervals, increases significantly under extreme wind and traffic conditions.”
Recent works have emphasized that uncertainty quantification is central to ensuring safety and reliability when data volatility is high.
“Moreover, recent works [22,23] have emphasized that uncertainty quantification is not optional in SHM; it is central to ensuring safety and reliability when data volatility is high.”
Cites
Gaussian processes for time-series modelling
Roberts, S., Osborne, M. A., Ebden, M., Reece, S., Gibson, N. P., & Aigrain, S. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0550 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Convolutional neural network–based data recovery method for structural health monitoring
Oh, B. K., Glišić, B., Kim, Y., & Park, H. S. (2020) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/1475921719897571 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Structural damage detection method using frequency response functions
Bandara, R. P., Chan, T. H. T., & THAMBIRATNAM, D. P. (2014) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/1475921714522847 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Wan, H., Mao, J., & Xu, Y. (2020) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/1475921720977020 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Kang, F., & Li, J. (2019) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002467 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gaussian Process Regression Stochastic Volatility Model for Financial Time Series
Han, J., Zhang, X.-P. S., & Wang, F. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2016.2570738 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Multitask Sparse Bayesian Learning with Applications in Structural Health Monitoring
Huang, Y., Beck, J. L., & Li, H. (2019) · Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering · doi:10.1111/mice.12408 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ni, Y., & Zhang, Q.-H. (2020) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/1475921720921772 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Towards probabilistic data‐driven damage detection in SHM using sparse Bayesian learning scheme
Wang, Q., Dai, Y., Ma, Z., Ni, Y., Tang, J., Xu, X., & Wu, Z. (2022) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1002/stc.3070 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Guided-wave signal processing by the sparse Bayesian learning approach employing Gabor pulse model
Wu, B., Huang, Y., Chen, X., Krishnaswamy, S., & Li, H. (2016) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/1475921716665252 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Dai, Y., Ma, Z., Wang, J., Lin, J., Ni, Y., Ren, W., Jiang, J. D., Yang, X., & Yan, J.-R. (2023) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/14759217231170316 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Wang, C.-B., Ma, Z., Chen, W., Ni, Y., Wang, C., Yan, B.-G., & Guan, P.-X. (2022) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/14759217221079529 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gao, B., Woo, W. L., Tian, G. Y., & Zhang, H. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2015.2492924 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Jamali, S., Chan, T. H. T., Nguyễn, A., & THAMBIRATNAM, D. P. (2018) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/1475921718808462 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Gaussian process–based approach to cope with uncertainty in structural health monitoring
Teimouri, H., Milani, A. S., Loeppky, J. L., & Seethaler, R. (2016) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/1475921716669722 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Ma, Z., Jiao, G., Jiang, X., Ni, Y., Wang, Y., Du, Y., Qu, G., & Huang, J. (2022) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1002/stc.3069 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A Bayesian approach for sparse flaw detection from noisy signals for ultrasonic NDT
Wu, B., Huang, Y., & Krishnaswamy, S. (2016) · NDT & E International · doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.10.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Ma, Z.-G., Huang, J., Ni, Y., & Zhang, C. (2021) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124337 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Probabilistic forecast of wind speed based on Bayesian emulator using monitoring data
Ye, X., Ding, Y., & Wan, H. (2020) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1002/stc.2650 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sun, J., Yu, Y., & Wen, J. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17061454 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Liu, Y. F., & Fan, X. (2020) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1002/stc.2531 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Case Study—Spiking Neural Network Hardware System for Structural Health Monitoring
Pang, L., Liu, J., Harkin, J., Martin, G., McElholm, M., Javed, A., & Mcdaid, L. J. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20185126 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moon, H. S., Hwang, Y. K., Kim, M. K., Kang, H.-T., & Lim, Y. M. (2021) · Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1007/s13349-021-00531-7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wang, S., Gao, J., Lin, C., Li, H., & Huang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Rail Transportation · doi:10.1080/23248378.2022.2075944 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pamuncak, A. P., Salami, M. R., Adha, A., Budiono, B., & Laory, I. (2021) · Engineering Computations · doi:10.1108/ec-12-2020-0695 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bai, H., Wen, L., Ma, Y., & Jia, X. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22103884 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Filippitzis, F., Kohler, M. D., Heaton, T. H., & Beck, J. L. (2021) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1002/stc.2870 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
SHM-based probabilistic representation of wind properties: Bayesian inference and model optimization
Ye, X. W., Li, Y., Xi, P.-P., & Liu, H. (2018) · Smart Structures and Systems · doi:10.12989/sss.2018.21.5.601 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Assessment of Structural Reliability of Bridge Beams Based on Measured Symptoms
Quattrone, A., Matta, E., Fragonara, L. Z., Ceravolo, R., & Stefano, A. D. (2013) · Key engineering materials · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.358 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multiclass Data Classification Using Multinomial Logistic Gaussian Process Model
Cho, W., Park, S., & Kim, S.-K. (2017) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7605-3_21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bayesian in-situ parameter estimation of metallic plates using piezoelectric transducers
Asadi, S., Shamshirsaz, M., & Vaghasloo, Y. A. (2020) · Smart Structures and Systems · doi:10.12989/sss.2020.26.6.735 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Application of Bayesian networks in reliability assessment: A systematic literature review
Wang, Q., Jin, C., Ni, Y., Xiao, Y., Liu, N., Liu, S., & Feng, W. (2024) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2024.108098 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bayesian Network in Structural Health Monitoring: Theoretical Background and Applications Review
Wang, Q., Lu, A.-W., Ni, Y., Wang, J., & Ma, Z. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25123577 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Concise State-of-the-Art Review of Crack Monitoring Enabled by RFID Technology
Ran, S.-C., Wang, Q., Wang, J., Ni, Y., Guo, Z.-X., & Luo, Y. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14083213 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Martinez, Y., Rojas, L., Peña, Á., Valenzuela, M. A., & García, J. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13101571 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Li, H., & Wang, H. (2025) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2025.108650 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Concise Review of State-of-the-Art Sensing Technologies for Bridge Structural Health Monitoring
Kang, X., Zhu, B., Cai, Y., Xiao, Y., Liu, N., Guo, Z.-X., Wang, Q., & Luo, Y. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25175460 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Design and Optimization of a Hybrid Railcar Structure with Multilayer Composite Panels
Cascino, A., Meli, E., & Rindi, A. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18215013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Application of Structural Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis in Engineering Practice
Radoń, U., & Zabojszcza, P. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15010342 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Jiang, S., Wang, Y., Cheng, Z., & Chen, B. (2026) · Structure and Infrastructure Engineering · doi:10.1080/15732479.2026.2617965 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Study on the Preference of Electric Vehicle Front Design Elements
Sun, Z., & Park, K. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14083262 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Simon, P., Schneider, R., Baeßler, M., & Morgenthal, G. (2024) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1155/2024/4204316 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Qian, X., & Yang, N. (2025) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109092 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Deep Learning PM2.5 Hybrid Prediction Model Based on Clustering–Secondary Decomposition Strategy
Zeng, T., Liu, R., Liu, Y., Shi, J., Luo, T., Xi, Y., Zhao, S., Chen, C., Pan, G., Zhou, Y., et al. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13214242 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cascino, A., Distaso, F., Meli, E., & Rindi, A. (2026) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma19030531 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Probabilistic Interference Prediction for Dynamic 6G In-X Sub-Networks
Gautam, P., Bockelmann, C., & Dekorsy, A. (2025) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3554993 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Towards Sustainable Airport Operations: Emission Analysis of Taxiing Solutions
Maciejewska, M., & Kurzawska-Pietrowicz, P. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17188242 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Deng, Y., Zhao, Y., He, Y., Ju, H., & Li, A. (2025) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/14759217251348394 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shadi, M. R., Mortensen, L. K., Mirshekali, H., & Shaker, H. R. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3613832 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Lin, P., Zhu, G., Yan, X. Q., Wang, Z., Mou, R., Deng, Z., Xie, H., Cai, M., & Wang, H. (2025) · Journal of Intelligent Construction · doi:10.26599/jic.2025.9180102 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
State-of-the-Art Technologies and Emerging Trends in Radar-Based Vital Signs Sensing: A Review
Yuan, T., Kuo, Y., Ren, A., Huo, R., Sun, Q., & Zahid, A. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3646149 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Robotics and unmanned aerial vehicles for smart structural health monitoring: A systematic review
Du, W., Bao, X., Zhang, X., Qin, J., & Broere, W. (2026) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/14759217261455417 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Leak Event Diagnosis for Power Plants: Generative Anomaly Detection Using Prototypical Networks
Jeong, J., Yeo, D., Roh, S., Jo, Y., & Kim, M. S. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24154991 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, B., Yang, S., & Wang, J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314417 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brambilla, M., Chiariotti, P., & Cigada, A. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25165044 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, recent works [22,23] have emphasized that uncertainty quantification is not optional in SHM; it is central to ensuring safety and reliability when data volatility is high.”
The optimization and load forecasting of power distribution units in data halls
Abaddi, S. (2026) · Applied Operations and Analytics · doi:10.1080/29966892.2026.2649444 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Design and Uncertainty Evaluation of a Calibration Setup for Turbine Blades Vibration Measurement
Capponi, L., Tribbiani, G., Medici, V., Fabri, S., Prato, A., Castellini, P., Schiavi, A., Paone, N., & Rossi, G. L. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24248050 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mahdi, S. Q., Gharghan, S. K., Al-Baghdadi, H. A., & Mutlag, A. H. (2025) · Asian Journal of Civil Engineering · doi:10.1007/s42107-025-01459-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bayesian system identification considering the spatial correlation of distributed loads
Li, Y., Sun, H., Sun, L., Liu, J., Luo, L., & Ying Lei, A. (2025) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/14759217251357356 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhao, L., Chen, Z., & Yan, W. (2025) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2025.119083 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Xiong, Q., Liu, H., Cui, C., Zhang, P., Ji, Z., & You, Z.-J. (2025) · Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.123229 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hypersector-Based Method for Real-Time Classification of Wind Turbine Blade Defects
Дубчак, Л., Rusyn, B., Wolff, C., Ciszewski, T., Sachenko, A., & Bodyanskiy, Y. V. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19020442 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Optimal Design of CFRP Railway Carbody Laminates via Multi-Criterion Fiber Orientation Sensitivity
Cascino, A., Meli, E., & Rindi, A. (2026) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma19071355 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhu, L. X., Gao, L., Zhang, L., Wang, B., Du, W., & Zhang, M. (2026) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings16071380 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dynamic Identification of the Sarcophagus of the Spouses by Means of Digital Video Analysis
Fioriti, V. A., Occhipinti, G., Roselli, I., Cataldo, A., Clemente, P., Colucci, A., AlShawa, O., & Sorrentino, L. (2025) · Heritage · doi:10.3390/heritage8040133 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yu, F., Yuan, L., Jin, Q., & Hu, D. (2025) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings15162850 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Park, E.-J., Cheon, Y.-J., & Lee, J. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3626137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stiffness Separation Method for Damage Identification in Continuous Rigid Frame Bridges
Xiao, F., Xu, L., Yan, Y., & Xiang, Y. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25237141 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zeng, H., & Zhu, Y. (2025) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1155/stc/5560897 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lin, Z., Wu, Y., Wang, J., He, H., Yuan, L., Chen, G., & Han, S. (2025) · Open Geosciences · doi:10.1515/geo-2025-0822 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
He, X., Huang, H., Xu, F., Zhang, C., & Qin, T. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18020949 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An RFID Tag Sensor for Bolt Preload Monitoring
Zhang, J., Ou, Y., Zhu, D., Liu, D., Gao, B., & Ding, K. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3662406 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Siahkouhi, M., Rashidi, M., MASHIRI, F. R., Aslani, F., & Shrestha, K. (2026) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121518 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sinsamutpadung, N., Kamchoom, V., & Juntim, G. (2025) · International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics · doi:10.1142/s0219455426503074
Identification of Static Loads in Wharf Mooring Cables Using the Influence Coefficient Method
Zhou, J., Xiao, C., Gan, L., Jiao, B., Pan, H., & Yuan, H. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25185867
Huang, J.-X., Li, Q. S., & Han, X. (2026) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/jsendh.steng-14959
Maintenance Modeling for a Multi-State System Under Competing Failures and Imperfect Repairs
Zhang, Y., & Meng, X. (2026) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math14020248
Deep Learning‐Based Missing Data Reconstruction in SHM Using Gated Dilated Convolution and GRU
The, H. T., Tien, T. B., & Ngoc, H. T. (2026) · International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1002/nme.70257
Kim, J., Baik, S. M., Yu, D., Kim, J., & Ko, Y. M. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing · doi:10.1109/tsm.2026.3665465
Detection and Identification of Structural Damage Based on Bayesian Updating
Qian, Y. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10649-0_20
Design of Unattended Rain and Snow Protection Device for Total Station Based on D-S Evidence Fusion
Jia, L., Liu, Y., Du, G., Li, X., Wang, Z., Lu, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26082327
Bižić, M., & Petrović, D. (2026) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6501/ae6092
Shehadeh, A., Alshboul, O., Hussein, M. O., Mahmoud, A. S., Dwairy, M., & Tatari, O. (2026) · Structural Health Monitoring · doi:10.1177/14759217261441771
Li, J., Ding, X., Wang, K., Li, J., Jia, B., Wang, M., & Hu, C. (2026) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2026.3689689
He, Q., Li, X., Huang, Y., Min, X., Jin, Y., & Chen, W. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16104893
Sarkar, A., Hazarika, N., Roy, R. K., & Bezboruah, T. (2026) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2026.121969
Xiao, F., Gong, Y., & Xiang, Y. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26123791
Wang, Q., Cui, G.-Y., Sun, G.-Q., Ding, B., Ma, Z.-G., Yang, J.-M., Gong, P., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16136753
Bayesian multi-model time series approach for structural health monitoring with sequential updates
Drangsfeldt, C. A., Avendaño-Valencia, L. D., & Lützen, M. (2026) · Data-Centric Engineering · doi:10.1017/dce.2026.10062
Bayesian structural model updating under prior misspecification using conditional normalizing flows
Itoi, T., Takeda, T., Lee, S., & Yaoyama, T. (2026) · Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering · doi:10.1080/13467581.2026.2706262
Torque-Aware Path Planning for Robot Manipulators Using Artificial Potential Fields
Miandoab, E. M., Mirshabani, S. M., Mozaffari, S., & Alirezaee, S. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3719210
Djakhdjakha, L., Amrouch, S., Abdelmoumène, H., Bouacida, I., & Farou, B. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3721950
Robotics integration in structural health monitoring in the Saudi construction projects
Rabi, M., Al‐Kheetan, M. J., Alazmi, Y. H., & Al-Zu’bi, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction · doi:10.1680/jsmic.26.00011
Zhou, Y., Li, B., & Yu, Z. (2026) · Engineering Structures · doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2026.123852
Optimization-Driven Cluster-Weighted Clusterwise Linear Regression
Taheri, S., Bagirov, A., Perera, N. A., Sultanova, N., & Abdollahian, M. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data · doi:10.1145/3850158
Bao, C., Yu, R., 尚绪强, Xiaotong, M., & Lv, J. (2026) · Structures · doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2026.113194
From track to impact: a review of multi-hazard typhoon forecasting and resilience
Hong, Y.-Y., & Medina, D. J. (2026) · Climate Services · doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2026.100741
- Authors
- Wang, Q.-A., Liu, Q., Ma, Z.-G., Wang, J.-F., Ni, Y.-Q., Ren, W.-X., & Wang, H.-B.
- Affiliations
- China University of Mining and Technology (CN)
- Shenzhen University (CN)
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Venue
- Measurement
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-05
- Volume
- 230
- Pages
- 114509
- ISSN
- 0263-2241 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392888622
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 7
- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 688 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Measurement (acceptedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Structural Health Monitoring Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Structural Engineering and Materials Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Transport Systems and Technology
- Keywords
- structural health monitoring, heteroscedastic data, typhoon conditions, Gaussian kernel, suspension bridges, Tsing Ma Bridge, uncertainty analysis, correlation analysis, early warning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review