Cited by 174Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsAdipose Tissue and Metabolism

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 115 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Insulin resistance: An adaptive mechanism becomes maladaptive in the current environment—An evolutionary perspective

Abstract

Human survival has relied upon the ability to withstand starvation through energy storage, the capacity to fight off infection by a proinflammatory immune response, and the ability to cope with physical stressors by an adaptive stress response. Energy storage, mainly as glycogen in liver and triglycerides in adipose tissue, is regulated by the anabolic actions of insulin. On the other hand, mobilization of stored energy during infection, trauma or stress is served by the temporary inhibition of insulin action (insulin resistance) in target tissues by proinflammatory cytokines and stress hormones. In the current environment, high energy intake, low physical activity, and chronic stress favor the storage of surplus fat in adipose tissue depots that far exceeds their storage capacity and liporegulation. Lipid overload in central fat depots initiates an inflammatory response and adipocyte dysfunction with resultant low-grade systemic inflammation and lipid overflow to peripheral tissues. In turn, proinflammatory cytokines and non-oxidized lipid metabolites, accumulated in liver and muscle cells, activate the mechanism of insulin resistance as would occur in the case of infection or stress. The same factors together with the ensuing insulin resistance further contribute to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and ultimately to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The present review supports the hypothesis that insulin resistance evolved as a physiological adaptive mechanism in human survival and that the same mechanism is inappropriately activated on a chronic basis in the current environment, leading to the manifestations of the metabolic syndrome.

Overview

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.11.004

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115 of 115 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Metadata

Authors
Tsatsoulis, A., Mantzaris, M. D., Bellou, S., & Andrikoula, M.
Affiliations
  • University of Ioannina (GR)
  • Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (GR)
Corresponding author
Tsatsoulis, Agathocles
Venue
Metabolism
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-05
Volume
62
Issue
5
Pages
622-633
ISSN
0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1996129886
Cited by
174
References
117
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 7
FWCI
1.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Keywords
insulin resistance, evolutionary perspective, energy storage, insulin signaling, inflammatory cytokines, stress hormones, adipose tissue dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, lipid overload, beta-cell dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, energy balance, physical inactivity
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Environment, Biological Evolution, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Models, Biological, Stress, Physiological, Gene-Environment Interaction

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