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Hydrogel-based cardiac repair and regeneration function in the treatment of myocardial infarction
Open accessAbstract
A life-threatening illness that poses a serious threat to human health is myocardial infarction. It may result in a significant number of myocardial cells dying, dilated left ventricles, dysfunctional heart function, and ultimately cardiac failure. Based on the development of emerging biomaterials and the lack of clinical treatment methods and cardiac donors for myocardial infarction, hydrogels with good compatibility have been gradually applied to the treatment of myocardial infarction. Specifically, based on the three processes of pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, we summarized various types of hydrogels designed for myocardial tissue engineering in recent years, including natural hydrogels, intelligent hydrogels, growth factors, stem cells, and microRNA-loaded hydrogels. In addition, we also describe the heart patch and preparation techniques that promote the repair of MI heart function. Although most of these hydrogels are still in the preclinical research stage and lack of clinical trials, they have great potential for further application in the future. It is expected that this review will improve our knowledge of and offer fresh approaches to treating myocardial infarction.
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![Fig. 2 A schematic diagram illustrating the application of temperature-sensitive hydrogels and pH-sensitive hydrogels during the inflammatory phase of myocardial infarction. (A). Initially, the reparative effect of TPL on myocardial infarction was investigated through network pharmacology. Subsequently, a temperature-sensitive drug release system, TPL@PLGA@F127, was designed, and the therapeutic efficacy was assessed through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Adapted by permission [37]. Copyright © 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. (B). The preparation process of a hydrogel system composed of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and rhCol III, and its molecular mechanisms in the treatment during the inflammatory phase of myocardial infarction. Adapted by permission [41]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (C) Schematic representation of the mechanism of action of pH-responsive hydrogel designed based on PNIPAAm. Adapted by permission [42]. Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society.](/paper-figures/28a4b669275e4fc1a229df923d30358f/hydrogel-based-cardiac-repair-and-regeneration-function-in-the-treatment-of-figure-2.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of a responsive hydrogel designed for clearing excessive ROS levels in the early stages of myocardial infarction. (A) The preparation process of MNPs/Alg hydrogel and its application in the molecular mechanisms during the early stages of myocardial infarction. Adapted by permission [48]. Copyright © 1999–2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. (B) Design rationale and mechanism of action for the composite hydrogel encapsulating S1P/SS-31/Lipo. Adapted by permission [49]. Copyright © 1999–2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.(C) Mechanistic insights into the action of EGCG@Rh-gel for ROS clearance and restoration of cardiac function. Adapted by permission [50]. Copyright © 2022 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.](/paper-figures/82380eac50fd41c58555721118a3d86a/hydrogel-based-cardiac-repair-and-regeneration-function-in-the-treatment-of-figure-3.jpg)
![Fig. 4 (A) Design rationale for hydrogels with MMP degradation and conductivity: Utilizing functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA) and alginate (ALG), conductive tannic acid (TA) is loaded into ALG-CHO, imparting electrical conductivity to the hydrogel and creating a multifunctional system. The prepared hydrogel is then intramyocardially injected into infarcted rat hearts to assess its ability to restore early electrophysiological function in myocardial infarction. Adapted by permission [79]. Copyright ©2023 Ivyspring International Publisher.(B) Schematic representation of the preparation of Au@Pt/Alg hydrogel and its therapeutic mechanism for in vivo cardiac function restoration. Adapted by permission [80]. Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by American. (C) The injectable process of preparing a conductive composite hydrogel and its application in myocardial infarction repair. Adapted by permission [81]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (D) Schematic representation of the Mechanism of Action of PCB-OAA Hydrogel. Adapted by permission [82]. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (E) The Mechanism of Vagus Nerve Modulation in Attenuating Early Inflammatory Responses and Enhancing Cardiac Function in Myocardial Infarction. Adapted by permission [83]. Copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry 2023.](/paper-figures/66d3716393d3413ba48f7e453d9dc9fc/hydrogel-based-cardiac-repair-and-regeneration-function-in-the-treatment-of-figure-4.jpg)
![Fig. 5 Schematic diagram illustrating the therapeutic strategy of bFGF-loaded hydrogel for myocardial infarction treatment. (A) Initially, GST-TIMP-bFGF was prepared, followed by loading GSH into the hydrogel using chemical cross-linking to obtain Gel-GSH. GST-TIMP-bFGF was then mixed with Gel-GSH, forming chemical bonds through the binding of GST and GSH. The hydrogel was injected into the infarcted area to validate its therapeutic effects on myocardial infarction. Adapted by permission [134]. Copyright © 1999–2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. (B) The preparation process of bFGF-Gel and its in vivo mechanism of action. Adapted by permission [135]. Copyright © 1999–2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.](/paper-figures/131eb3620ffe46078ae2f8cc0c073d04/hydrogel-based-cardiac-repair-and-regeneration-function-in-the-treatment-of-figure-5.jpg)
![Fig. 6 A schematic diagram of the mechanism of stem cell-loaded injectable hydrogel on MI. Adapted by permission [14]. Copyright © 2021.ELSVIER B.V.](/paper-figures/c0b7746182a741b0b3b2ed2c31d87bbf/hydrogel-based-cardiac-repair-and-regeneration-function-in-the-treatment-of-figure-6.jpg)
![Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of stem cell-loaded hydrogel for remodeling in the post-myocardial infarction phase. (A) Therapeutic strategy of mesenchymal stem cell-loaded chitosan hydrogel for myocardial infarction. Adapted by permission [182]. Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. (B) Mechanism of action for the synergistic therapy of myocardial infarction using conductive nanocomposite hydrogel and mesenchymal stem cells. Adapted by permission [191]. Copyright © 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. (C) Combining iPS with FA hydrogel for myocardial infarction treatment, with the aim of enhancing stem cell survival and improving cardiac function. Adapted by permission [196]. Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society.](/paper-figures/eb0f78217e904795a6f99648e3a399c8/hydrogel-based-cardiac-repair-and-regeneration-function-in-the-treatment-of-figure-7.jpg)
![Fig. 8 Schematic illustration of the application of cardiac patches in myocardial infarction.(A) The CPAMC/PCA Janus hydrogel exhibits asymmetry, allowing for rapid adherence to moist cardiac tissue and detachment triggered by on-demand stimulation, effectively preventing postoperative adhesions. Adapted by permission [231]. Copyright © 2023 Springer Nature Limited. (B) The fabrication process of electrically conductive adhesive cardiac patches using MXene and their potential therapeutic effects on myocardial infarction. Adapted by permission [232]. Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society. (C) Mechanism of action for a wet-adhesive cardiac patch containing antioxidant, autophagy-regulating molecular capsules, and MSCs in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Adapted by permission [240]. Copyright © 2022 The Authors.](/paper-figures/bf09ac8ec7414990aa7212bd505eaf47/hydrogel-based-cardiac-repair-and-regeneration-function-in-the-treatment-of-figure-8.jpg)
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“In fact, over the past ten years, more than 30 studies have explored dLECM-based hydrogels in liver regeneration.”
From From scaffold to function: A systematic review on dLECM-based hydrogels for liver tissue engineering — Fabrication, properties, and translational applications (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Results show these hydrogels can help maintain hepatocyte function in culture, boost angiogenesis, reduce fibrosis, and even support the formation of organoid-like structures.”
From From scaffold to function: A systematic review on dLECM-based hydrogels for liver tissue engineering — Fabrication, properties, and translational applications (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, Q., Xiao, Z., Yang, Q., Yu, T., Deng, X., Chen, N., Huang, Y., Wang, L., Guo, J., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- Jinan University (CN)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Lihong
- Guo, Jun
- Wang, Jinghao
- Venue
- Materials Today Bio
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-04
- Volume
- 25
- Pages
- 100978
- ISSN
- 2590-0064 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10907859
- OpenAlex
- W4391787791
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 252
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 8.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials Today Bio (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- myocardial infarction, hydrogels, cardiac tissue engineering, cardiac regeneration, natural hydrogels, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, growth factor delivery, stem cell delivery, biomaterials, cardiac repair
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