Composition of the endothelial glycocalyx and its relation to its thickness and diffusion of small solutes

Abstract

The endothelial glycocalyx is well endowed with the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. The current studies aimed to assess the relative contributions of each of these GAGs to the thickness and permeability of the glycocalyx layer by direct enzymatic removal of each using micropipettes to infuse heparinase, chondroitinase and hyaluronidase into post-capillary venules of the intestinal mesentery of the rat. The relative losses of GAGs due to enzymatic removal were compared with stimulated shedding of glycans induced by superfusing the mesentery with 10−7 M fMLP. Thickness of the glycocalyx was assessed by infiltration of the glycocalyx with circulating FITC labeled 70 kDa dextran (Dx70) and measuring the distance from the dye front to the surface of the endothelium (EC), which averaged 463 nm under control conditions. Reductions in thickness were 43.3%, 34.1% and 26.1% following heparinase, chondroitinase and hyaluronidase, respectively, and 89.7% with a mixture of all three enzymes. Diffusion coefficients of FITC in the glycocalyx were determined using a 1-D diffusion model. By comparison of measured transients in radial intensity of a bolus of FITC with that of a computational model a diffusion coefficient D was obtained. Values of D were obtained corresponding to the thickness of the layer demarcated by Dx70 (DDx70), and a smaller sublayer 173 nm above the EC surface (D173), prior to and following enzyme infusion and superfusion with fMLP. The magnitude of DDx70 was twice that of D173 suggesting that the glycocalyx is more compact near the EC surface. Chondroitinase and hyaluronidase significantly increased both DDx70 and D173. However, heparinase decreased DDx70, and did not induce any significant change for the D173. These observations suggest that the three GAGs are not evenly distributed throughout the glycocalyx and that they each contribute to permeability of the glycocalyx to a differing extent. The fMLP-induced shedding caused a reduction in glycocalyx thickness (which may increase permeability) and as with heparinase, decreased the diffusion coefficient of solutes (which may decrease permeability). This behavior suggests that the removal of heparan sulfate may cause a collapse of the glycocalyx which counters decreases in thickness by compacting the layer to maintain a constant resistance to filtration.