The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The hallucinating brain: A review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations
Abstract
Hallucinations remains one of the most intriguing phenomena in psychopathology. In the past two decades the advent of neuroimaging techniques have allowed researchers to investigate what is happening in the brain of those who experience hallucinations. In this article we review both structural and functional neuroimaging studies of patients with auditory and visual hallucinations as well as a small number of studies that have assessed cognitive processes associated with hallucinations in healthy volunteers. The current literature suggests that in addition to secondary (and occasionally primary) sensory cortices, dysfunction in prefrontal premotor, cingulate, subcortical and cerebellar regions also seem to contribute to hallucinatory experiences. Based on the findings of these studies we tentatively propose a neurocognitive model in which both bottom-up and top-down processes interact to produce these erroneous percepts. Finally, directions for future work are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This corresponds well to ‘symptom-capture’ studies of AVHs, in which similar areas are often implicated (Allen et al., 2008).”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2008
Citations
Cites
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
Shenton, M. E., Dickey, C. C., Frumin, M., & McCarley, R. W. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00163-3 · Cited by 2,346
Functional Connectivity: The Principal-Component Analysis of Large (PET) Data Sets
Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1993.4 · Cited by 1,997
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
Jaynes, J. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,287
Haxby, J., Horwitz, B., Ungerleider, L. G., Maisog, J. M., Pietrini, P., & Grady, C. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-11-06336.1994 · Cited by 1,065
From the perception of action to the understanding of intention
Blakemore, S., & Decety, J. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35086023 · Cited by 1,036
A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia
Silbersweig, D. A., Stern, E., Frith, C., Cahill, C., Holmes, A., Grootoonk, S., Seaward, J., McKenna, P., Chua, S. E., Schnorr, L., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378176a0 · Cited by 906 · cited 3×
“…1 Patient with schizophrenia and AVH (scans were compared when patients were symptomatic and remitted) fMRI m Superior and middle temporal gyrus Silbersweig et al. (1995) 5 Patients with schizophrenia with current AVH (scans were compared for periods when AVH were present and absent) Patients…”
BackgroundInfluentialPatterns of Cerebral Blood Flow in Schizophrenia
Liddle, P. F., Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Hirsch, S. R., Jones, T., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.160.2.179 · Cited by 899
Activation of Heschl’s Gyrus during Auditory Hallucinations
Dierks, T., Linden, D. E. J., Jandl, M., Formisano, E., Goebel, R., Lanfermann, H., & Singer, W. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80715-1 · Cited by 752
Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia
Barta, P. E., Pearlson, G. D., Powers, R. E., Richards, S. S., & Tune, L. E. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.11.1457 · Cited by 744
Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C. R., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1033 · Cited by 666 · cited 4×
“Shergill et al. (2000a) used a novel fMRI method that involved a random sampling approach to overcome these limitations).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition (DSM-IV 1994). American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour
Catani, M., Dell’Acqua, F., & de Schotten, M. T. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001 · Cited by 813
Jardri, R., Pouchet, A., Pins, D., & Thomas, P. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101522 · Cited by 651
Mitchell, K., & Johnson, M. K. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015849 · Cited by 712
Network localization of neurological symptoms from focal brain lesions
Boes, A. D., Prasad, S., Liu, H., Liu, Q., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Caviness, V. S., & Fox, M. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv228 · Cited by 556
“…predictions regarding network effects could be made: auditory hallucinosis, with network effects in the superior temporal gyrus (Griffiths, 2000; Allen et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2014), central post-stroke pain, with network effects in the posterior insula (Garcia-Larrea, 2012; Garcia-Larrea…”
BackgroundDong, D., Wang, Y., Chang, X., Luo, C., & Yao, D. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx034 · Cited by 486
Metadata
- Authors
- Allen, P., Larøi, F., McGuire, P. K., & Aleman, A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Paul
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 175-191
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2107394985
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, cerebellum, subcortical dysfunction, top-down and bottom-up processes, healthy volunteers
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Hallucinations, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review