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The hallucinating brain: A review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations
Abstract
Hallucinations remains one of the most intriguing phenomena in psychopathology. In the past two decades the advent of neuroimaging techniques have allowed researchers to investigate what is happening in the brain of those who experience hallucinations. In this article we review both structural and functional neuroimaging studies of patients with auditory and visual hallucinations as well as a small number of studies that have assessed cognitive processes associated with hallucinations in healthy volunteers. The current literature suggests that in addition to secondary (and occasionally primary) sensory cortices, dysfunction in prefrontal premotor, cingulate, subcortical and cerebellar regions also seem to contribute to hallucinatory experiences. Based on the findings of these studies we tentatively propose a neurocognitive model in which both bottom-up and top-down processes interact to produce these erroneous percepts. Finally, directions for future work are discussed.
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“This corresponds well to ‘symptom-capture’ studies of AVHs, in which similar areas are often implicated (Allen et al., 2008).”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2008
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“The nonprimary visual areas strongly modulated by Ayahuasca (BA7, BA18, and BA19) are known to be activated during psychopathological hallucinations [Allen et al., 2008] as well as during normal dreaming, within rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep [Braun et al., 1998; Wehrle et al., 2007].”
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“Also, the brain regions activated during AVH are the same as those which have been documented for AVH in schizophrenia and other previous research [for review see Allen et al. (2008)].”
BackgroundResultModinos, G., Costafreda, S. G., van Tol, M., McGuire, P. K., Aleman, A., & Allen, P. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.01.009 · Cited by 230
“A recent comprehensive review of structural and functional imaging studies in patients with AVHs concluded that dysfunction in secondary (and occasionally primary) cortices in the temporal lobes is linked to the emergence of AVHs (Allen et al., 2008).”
The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
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“, 2011) that incorporate both functional and anatomical connections (Allen et al., 2008).”
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Waldo Zuardi, A., Alexandre S. Crippa, J., E.C. Hallak, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., Martin-Santos, R., K. McGuire, P., & Silveira Guimaraes, F. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212802884681 · Cited by 222
“The temporal lobe has been related to psychotic disorder, particularly with auditory hallucinations [37].”
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Simons, J. S., Garrison, J. R., & Johnson, M. K. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.012 · Cited by 202
Li, S., Hu, N., Zhang, W., Bo, T., Dai, J., Gong, Y., Tan, Y., Cai, D., & Lui, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00482 · Cited by 212
“, AVHs that are core symptoms of the disease (120, 121).”
BackgroundResultNorthoff, G., & Qin, P. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.009 · Cited by 209
“…reductions in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the planum temporale and the Heschl's gyrus (and other regions like the lateral prefrontal cortex and the thalamus) in schizophrenic patients with AVH when compared to those without AVH (Allen et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2006; Shin et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe hodology of hallucinations
Ffytche, D. H. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.04.005 · Cited by 206
“…visual hallucinations (Panayiotopoulos, 1999).1 Finally, topological dysfunction is implied in the structural abnormalities found in auditory cortices of auditory hallucinators (see Allen et al., 2008 for recent review) and visual cortices of visual hallucinators (e.g., Holroyd et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe neural correlates of visual imagery vividness – An fMRI study and literature review
Fulford, J., Milton, F., Salas, D., Smith, A., Simler, A., Winlove, C., & Zeman, A. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.09.014 · Cited by 211
The Neurodynamic Organization of Modality-Dependent Hallucinations
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“Anatomical and functional disturbances in sensory cortices have been proposed to be centrally involved in their pathogenesis (Allen et al. 2008; Jardri et al. 2011).”
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“In fMRI (Dierks et al., 1999; Allen et al., 2008) as well as EEG studies (Hubl et al., 2007; Ford et al., 2008) these dynamics have been successfully used to investigate neurophysiologic changes associated with f Clinical Neurophysiology.”
Sun, J., Maller, J. J., Guo, L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2009) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.03.004 · Cited by 166
“Dysfunction of either the STG or its network of connections is pertinent to SCZ and closely linked to two key positive symptoms of the disorder, auditory hallucinations (AH) and thought disorder (TD) (see reviews by Allen et al., 2008; Pearlson, 1997; Shenton et al., 2001).”
BackgroundShafi, M. M., Westover, M. B., Fox, M., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08035.x · Cited by 172
“…⁄ functional abnormalities have also been noted in a distributed network of brain regions, including Broca’s area and the amygdala–hippocampal network (Allen et al., 2008). fcEEG analysis has suggested that in schizophrenic patients, brain networks resemble random graphs, with relatively small…”
Structural correlates of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Palaniyappan, L. K., Balain, V., Raduà, J., & Liddle, P. F. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.038 · Cited by 164
“These include an ‘over-perceptualization’ model that suggests a hyperexcitable state in the primary and secondary sensory regions (Allen et al., 2008); a source-monitoring model that suggests breakdown in the volitional assignment of self-generated speech activity leading to external misattribution (Frith and Done, 19…”
BackgroundUnderstanding auditory verbal hallucinations: a systematic review of current evidence
Upthegrove, R., Broome, M. R., Caldwell, K., Ives, J., Oyebode, F., & Wood, S. J. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12531 · Cited by 160
“not engaged in directed activity, and these studies demonstrate a reduced connectivity in the primary and secondary auditory cortex, and language processing areas, in patients with schizophrenia with AVHs when compared to patients without AVHs or healthy controls (53, 114-124).”
Resting-state thalamic dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and relationships with symptoms
Ferri, J. M., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Turner, J. A., van Erp, T. G., Voyvodic, J. T., Preda, A., Belger, A., Bustillo, J., OʼLeary, D. S., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800003x · Cited by 147
“Importantly, abnormal activation, structure, and connectivity with regions of the brain associated with language and memory, including middle and superior temporal gyrus, have been proposed to underlie some positive symptoms of SZ, including hallucinations (Allen et al. 2008; Jardri et al. 2011).”
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“, 2005), but only a few studies have focused on cerebral white matter (Alexander and Barker, 2005; Allen et al., 2008; Andreasen, 1997), and they have produced inconsistent results (Cheung et al.”
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“Altered temporal lobe structure and function are robust findings in patients with psychotic disorders, and there is evidence of a negative relationship between left STG activation and severity of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia (reviewed in Allen et al, 2008).”
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Nelson, B., Fornito, A., Harrison, B. J., Yücel, M., Sass, L. A., Yung, A. R., Thompson, A. D., Wood, S. J., Pantelis, C., & McGorry, P. D. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.01.002 · Cited by 155
Auditory hallucinations elicit similar brain activation in psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals
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“Thus the overlap of activations in elicited inner speech and AVH have been used to support neurocognitive models of AVH as involving aberrant monitoring of spontaneous inner speech ([54]).”
MethodWolf, N. D., Sambataro, F., Vasić, N., Frasch, K., Schmid, M., Schönfeldt‐Lecuona, C., Thomann, P. A., & Wolf, R. C. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110008 · Cited by 145
“45,55,59 These findings have been discussed within the context of a disrupted language lateralization in patients who have AVHs.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe multimodal connectivity of the hippocampal complex in auditory and visual hallucinations
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Visual hallucinations in neurological and ophthalmological disease: pathophysiology and management
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Delusions, illusions and hallucinations in epilepsy: 2. Complex phenomena and psychosis
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“SZ patients with AH have STG volume reductions (McCarley et al., 1999; Allen et al., 2008; Modinos et al., 2012), and the PAC in SZ contains morphologically abnormal pyramidal cells (Sweet et al.”
BackgroundTime to end the distinction between mental and neurological illnesses
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“They predominantly occur in the auditory and visual domains and are associated with corresponding sensory modality specific brain activity [Allen et al., 2008; Weiss and Heckers, 1999].”
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What have we really learned from functional connectivity in clinical populations?
Zhang, J., Kucyi, A., Raya, J., Nielsen, A. N., Nomi, J. S., Damoiseaux, J. S., Greene, D. J., Horovitz, S. G., Uddin, L. Q., & Whitfield, S. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118466 · Cited by 133
“In SZ, abnormal volume, metabolism and activation in the auditory ortex has traditionally been thought to underlie auditory hallucinations Allen et al., 2008 ), but theoretical advances inspired by FC suggest hat interplay between the auditory cortex and default mode network is inked to erroneous…”
Paracingulate sulcus morphology is associated with hallucinations in the human brain
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“Consistent with this bottom–up view, some neuroimaging studies have shown that primary and association auditory areas are involved in auditory hallucinations (for a recent review see Allen et al., 2008).”
Lindahl, J. R., Kaplan, C. T., Winget, E. M., & Britton, W. B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00973 · Cited by 120
Subjective signal strength distinguishes reality from imagination
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The brain’s voices: comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery
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“However, spontaneous STS activity by itself may not fully explain the highly structured linguistic content of the reported hallucinations, which is likely derived from activity of fronto temporal networks in the dominant hemisphere, including Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (Allen et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialKnöchel, C., Oertel‐Knöchel, V., Schönmeyer, R., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V. G., Prvulovic, D., Haenschel, C., Uhlhaas, P. J., Pantel, J., Hampel, H. J., et al. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.088 · Cited by 116
Lesions causing hallucinations localize to one common brain network
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“The neural substrates of language complexity and selfother misattribution have already been investigated in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations.(9) Brain imaging studies have reported structural and functional deviations in brain regions involved in language (left temporal cortex and Broca’s area) and…”
BackgroundTuning in to the Voices: A Multisite fMRI Study of Auditory Hallucinations
Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Jørgensen, K. W., Turner, J. A., Brown, G. G., Notestine, R. J., Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Greve, D. N., Wible, C. G., Lauriello, J., et al. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn140 · Cited by 118
“MRI studies suggest that auditory hallucinations are associated with reduced gray matter volumes in the temporal lobe, especially in the STG including the primary auditory cortex.(15) Although the topic of another article from the FBIRN, structural MR data were available from 20 nonhallucinators and 39 hallucinators.”
BackgroundMoseley, P., Fernyhough, C., & Ellison, A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.001 · Cited by 113
Vercammen, A., Knegtering, H., Liemburg, E. J., den Boer, J. A., & Aleman, A. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.12.011 · Cited by 113
“Neuroimaging studies have made significant strides however, to unearth structural and functional abnormalities associated with AVH in a distributed network of brain regions involved in linguistic processing, attention, memory and emotion, including Broca’s area, insula, the amygdala-hippocampal complex and a number of…”
BackgroundKindler, J., Homan, P., Jann, K., Federspiel, A., Flury, R., Hauf, M., Strik, W., Dierks, T., & Hubl, D. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.019 · Cited by 112
Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations
Kometer, M., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_461 · Cited by 121
“…information processing toward internal-driven processing could well contribute to the formation of hallucinations, given the longstanding proposal that increased internal-driven information processing may lead to the formation of visual hallucinations (Horowitz 1975; Allen et al. 2008).”
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Perceptual reality monitoring: Neural mechanisms dissociating imagination from reality
Dijkstra, N., Kok, P., & Fleming, S. M. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104557 · Cited by 116
Hearing Voices in Different Cultures: A Social Kindling Hypothesis
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Not on speaking terms: hallucinations and structural network disconnectivity in schizophrenia
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mTOR-Related Brain Dysfunctions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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“The study revealed profound differences between the two groups, especially when looking at Broadman area 22 (BA 22), which is associated with positive symptoms, mainly auditory-verbal hallucinations or “hearing voices” [250,251].”
BackgroundOrlov, N. D., Giampietro, V., O’Daly, O., Lam, S.-L., Barker, G. J., Rubia, K., McGuire, P. K., Shergill, S. S., & Allen, P. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0067-5 · Cited by 101
Medalla, M., & Barbas, H. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1773-10.2010 · Cited by 103
“Weakening of ACC output from area 32 may thus account for the high distractibility as well as the disordered thought patterns described for schizophrenic patients (for review, see Cohen et al., 1996; Honey and Fletcher, 2006; Allen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKometer, M., Cahn, B. R., Andel, D., Carter, O. L., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.002 · Cited by 99
How do auditory verbal hallucinations in patients differ from those in non-patients?
Larøi, F. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00025 · Cited by 97
“In their review of the literature, Allen et al. (2008) point to the involvement of secondary (and sometimes primary) sensory cortices, prefrontal, subcortical, and cerebellar regions.”
Reality of auditory verbal hallucinations
Raij, T. T., Valkonen-Korhonen, M., Holi, M., Therman, S., Lehtonen, J., & Hari, R. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp186 · Cited by 95
“These activations frequently include the inferior frontal gyri (IFG), the anterior cin- gulate cortex, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the superior and middle temporal gyri; for a review, see Allen et al. (2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFusar‐Poli, P., Smieskova, R., Serafini, G., Politi, P., & Borgwardt, S. (2012) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.630408 · Cited by 96
Seeking the supernatural: the Interactive Religious Experience Model
Leeuwen, N. V., & van Elk, M. (2018) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2018.1453529 · Cited by 99
Recombinant human erythropoietin delays loss of gray matter in chronic schizophrenia
Wüstenberg, T., Begemann, M., Bartels, C., Gefeller, O., Stawicki, S., Hinze‐Selch, D., Mohr, A., Falkai, P., Aldenhoff, J., Knauth, M., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.51 · Cited by 92
Cognitive mechanisms of auditory verbal hallucinations in psychotic and non-psychotic groups
Badcock, J. C., & Hugdahl, K. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.010 · Cited by 92
“Current opinion is still divided over the question of whether hallucinatory experiences are an outcome of relatively autonomous or planned activation of core cognitive (e.g. perception and memory) and neural mechanisms (reviewed by Allen et al., 2008).”
Schizotypy and brain structure: a voxel-based morphometry study
Modinos, G., Mechelli, A., Ormel, J., Groenewold, N. A., Aleman, A., & McGuire, P. K. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991875 · Cited by 92
“Previous studies have also reported that alterations in brain morphology are correlated with positive psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia (Young et al. 1991 ; Flaum et al. 1995 ; Suzuki et al. 2005a), particularly in the case of auditory hallucinations (see Allen et al. 2008 for review).”
ResultFord, J. M., Palzes, V. A., Roach, B. J., Potkin, S. G., van Erp, T. G. M., Turner, J. A., Mueller, B. A., Calhoun, V. D., Voyvodic, J. T., Belger, A., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu031 · Cited by 90
Goekoop, R., & Goekoop, J. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112734 · Cited by 97
“Previous neuroimaging studies have indeed shown that hallucinations occur within perceptual areas [66].”
BackgroundHearing voices: A role of interhemispheric auditory connectivity?
Mulert, C., Kirsch, V., Whitford, T. J., Alvarado, J., Pelavin, P. E., McCarley, R. W., Kubicki, M. R., Salisbury, D. F., & Shenton, M. E. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.570789 · Cited by 89
“2005) (for a review see Allen et al. 2008). In addition, it has been shown that there is a positive correlation between the subjective reality of hallucinations and the functional coupling of the inferior frontal cortex with the auditory cortex (Raij et al. 2009). Using DTI, increased anisotropy was shown in a number…”
BackgroundMethodPsychotic Symptoms as a Continuum between Normality and Pathology
Stip, É., & Létourneau, G. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400302 · Cited by 90
Specialized prefrontal “auditory fields”: organization of primate prefrontal-temporal pathways
Medalla, M., & Barbas, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00077 · Cited by 86
“Pathology in the prefrontal-auditory network has been implicated in schizophrenia, a disease characterized by high distractibility, disordered thought patterns and auditory hallucinations (reviewed in Cohen et al., 1996; Honey and Fletcher, 2006; Allen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAuditory hallucinations: A review of the ERC “VOICE” project
Hugdahl, K. (2015) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i2.193 · Cited by 93
Mallikarjun, P. K., Lalousis, P. A., Dunne, T. F., Heinze, K., Reniers, R. L. E. P., Broome, M. R., Farmah, B., Oyebode, F., Wood, S. J., & Upthegrove, R. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0118-6 · Cited by 91
Combining brain perturbation and neuroimaging in non-human primates
Klink, P. C., Aubry, J., Ferrera, V. P., Fox, A. S., Froudist‐Walsh, S., Jarraya, B., Konofagou, E. E., Krauzlis, R. J., Messinger, A., Mitchell, A. S., et al. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118017 · Cited by 86
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia From a Levels of Explanation Perspective.
Hugdahl, K., & Sommer, I. (2018) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx142 · Cited by 83
Escartí, M. J., de la Iglesia-Vayá, M., Martí-Bonmatí, L., Robles, M., Carbonell, J., Lull, J. J., García-Martí, G., Manjón, J. V., Aguilar, E. J., Aleman, A., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.028 · Cited by 80
“However, a limitation was that the study did not include a control group of patients without hallucinations, which would enable stronger conclusions about the specificity of the enhanced frontolimbic activation for hallucinations (Allen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKubera, K., Sambataro, F., Vasić, N., Wolf, N. D., Frasch, K., Hirjak, D., Thomann, P. A., & Wolf, R. C. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.015 · Cited by 83
“Temporal cortical volume loss in patients presenting with persistent AVH is one of the most consistent findings (Allen et al., 2008, 2012).”
Self-other control: a candidate mechanism for social cognitive function
Sowden, S., & Shah, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00789 · Cited by 81
“In the same vein, reduced fronto-temporal functional connectivity is now a well-established feature of schizophrenia and has been linked to diminished top-down modulatory control over social behavior (Allen et al., 2008; Cook et al., 2012).”
BackgroundXiao, Y., Yan, Z., Zhao, Y., Bo, T., Sun, H., Li, F. Y., Li, Y., Zhang, W., Shah, C., Liu, J., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.037 · Cited by 80
Curcic-Blake, B., Liemburg, E., Vercammen, A., Swart, M., Knegtering, H., Bruggeman, R., & Aleman, A. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs107 · Cited by 78
Treatment of Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Affective Disorders Associated with Parkinson's Disease
Connolly, B. S., & Fox, S. H. (2013) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-013-0238-x · Cited by 78
Auditory Cortex Characteristics in Schizophrenia: Associations With Auditory Hallucinations
Mørch-Johnsen, L. E., Nesvåg, R., Jørgensen, K. N., Lange, E. H., Hartberg, C. B., Haukvik, U. K., Kompus, K., Westerhausen, R., Osnes, K., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw130 · Cited by 79
Use of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment in Psychiatry
Aleman, A. (2013) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2013.11.2.53 · Cited by 84
Structural covariance in the hallucinating brain: a voxel-based morphometry study
Modinos, G., Vercammen, A., Mechelli, A., Knegtering, H., McGuire, P. K., & Aleman, A. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0958 · Cited by 78
“Neuroimaging findings suggest that AVHs are associated with activation within a distributed network involved in language processing and verbal monitoring,(2,3) including the inferior frontal gyrus, middle/superior temporal gyri and medial regions such as the hippocampus and insula.(4) With regard to brain morphology,…”
Schecklmann, M., Giani, A. S., Tupak, S. V., Langguth, B., Raab, V., Polak, T. T., Várallyay, C. G., Harnisch, W., Herrmann, M. J., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2014) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2014/894203 · Cited by 77
“Generally, other fields of phantom perception such as acoustic hallucinations might be investigable with fNIRS [62].”
Clinical and neurocognitive aspects of hallucinations in Alzheimer’s disease
el Haj, M., Roche, J., Jardri, R., Kapogiannis, D., Gallouj, K., & Antoine, P. (2017) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.021 · Cited by 70
“Following current trends in esearch on hallucinations (Allen et al., 2008; Whalley et al., 2004), tate markers include psychological distress as well as iatrogenic actors associated with specific occurrences of hallucinations, while rait markers are risk factors for hallucinations, not directly linked ith the presence…”
BackgroundInfluentialCui, Y. J., Liu, B., Song, M., Lipnicki, D. M., Li, J., Xie, S., Chen, Y., Li, P., Lü, L., Lv, L., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717001520 · Cited by 74
“Our finding of an association between AVHs and thinning of the MTG is consistent with the temporal lobe playing critical roles in auditory and language processing (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000), and being the brain area most commonly implicated in AVHs (Barta et al. 1990; Flaum et al. 1995; Levitan et al. 1999; Rajarethinam…”
Hallucinations in Nonpsychotic Disorders
Pierre, J. M. (2010) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673220903523706 · Cited by 71
Semantic Expectations Can Induce False Perceptions in Hallucination-Prone Individuals
Vercammen, A., & Aleman, A. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn063 · Cited by 72
Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers
Cojocariu, S. A., Maștaleru, A., Sascău, R. A., Stătescu, C., Mitu, F., & Leon, M. M. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57020155 · Cited by 75
“Hallucinations are a mental distortion manifested in the form of imaginary sensory experiences that seem real to the patient experiencing them [50].”
Chyzhyk, D., Graña, M., Öngür, D., & Shinn, A. K. (2015) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065715500070 · Cited by 70
“Studies on the neural substrates associated with AH pathophysiology, as proposed in the above and other AH models, have utilized a wide range of neuroimaging techniques.(3) These include volumetric and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies,(48,71) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess white matter i…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBais, L., Vercammen, A., Stewart, R. E., van Es, F., Visser, B., Aleman, A., & Knegtering, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108828 · Cited by 69
“Furthermore, cingular, subcortical and cerebellar areas have shown involvement as well (for an overview, see: [5]).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Allen, P., Larøi, F., McGuire, P. K., & Aleman, A.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Allen, Paul
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 175-191
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2107394985
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, cerebellum, subcortical dysfunction, top-down and bottom-up processes, healthy volunteers
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Hallucinations, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron-Emission Tomography
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