Addiction and stress: An allostatic view

In the citing paper

“Classically, with opioids and alcohol, individuals with a substance use disorder may start with recreational use of the drug during the binge/intoxication stage and progress to the withdrawal/negative affect stage as negative reinforcement evolves (Koob et al., 2019; Fig. 2).”

In the citing paper

“A heuristic framework for addiction includes a threestage cycle-binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation-that provides a starting point for exploring the relatively new construct of hyperkatifeia in the context of drug withdrawal (Koob and Le Moal, 1997;Koob, 2019).”

In the citing paper

“However, both somatic and psychologic symptoms are mediated by physiological changes in the body and brain, but the argument here is that the symptoms that are associated with hyperkatifeia have significantly more motivational significance than somatic signs of withdrawal (Koob, 2019).”

In the citing paper

“A classic pattern evolves in which the individual must administer the drug to avoid the severe dysphoria and discomfort that are associated with abstinence (Koob et al., 2019).”

In the citing paper

“Many individuals with AUD continue with a binge/withdrawal pattern for extended periods; for others, the pattern evolves into an opioid-like substance use disorder, in which they must have alcohol available at all times to avoid the consequences of abstinence (Koob et al., 2019).”

In the citing paper

“Hyperkatifeia can be considered an emotional parallel to hyperalgesia (i.e., greater sensitivity to physical pain) that is observed with repeated administration of chronic opioids and alcohol (Shurman et al., 2010;Koob, 2019).”

In the citing paper

“Subsequently, the focus of between-system neuroadaptations fell on understanding neurocircuitry within the extended amygdala and its role in opponent process, more specifically hyperkatifeia (Koob and Bloom, 1988;Koob and Le Moal, 2008;Koob, 2019).”

In the citing paper

“Much of the data show the recruitment of brain stress systems, including CRF, norepinephrine, hypocretin, dynorphin, and glucocorticoids, as major key substrates that are responsible for hyperkatifeia that is associated with drug withdrawal and thus compulsivelike drug seeking via negative reinforcement (Koob and Bloom, 1988;Koob, 2019).”

In the citing paper

“The argument is that these specific neurocircuitry dysregulations contribute to the links that have been hypothesized to exist between the neural mechanisms that are responsible for hyperkatifeia and hyperalgesia (Shurman et al., 2010;Koob, 2019).”

In the citing paper

“Thus, CRF in the extended amygdala may play an important role in the development of hyperkatifeia that drives compulsive-like drug seeking that is associated with opioids and alcohol via a negative-reinforcement process (Koob, 2019).”

In the citing paper

“given that activated GR recruits CRF signaling in the CeA (Koob and Schulkin, 2019;Tunstall et al., 2017)”

In the citing paper

“Withdrawal can produce elevated levels of GCs and increase release of CRF in the central nucleus of the amygdala [175].”

In the citing paper

“The central thesis in Koob’s allostatic view of stress and addiction is that stress leads to changes in brain CRF that have a direct impact on addiction [175].”

In the citing paper

“The environment in which one resides is a known predictor of consumption behavior (39), thus behavioral economics is a conceptual system to understand how one's access and exposure will predict demand and subsequent intake (40–43).”

In the citing paper

“In an ecological study of one Southern California county from 2010 to 2014 (n = 1,205) higher education and income were protective against opioid-related deaths but the data suggests that no group is immune and there is dire need for public health interventions at all SES levels (42).”