The association between type 2 diabetes and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and population-based sibling study
Open accessAbstract
We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize evidence on the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, a register-based sibling study was conducted to simultaneously control for confounding factors. A systematic search identified four eligible observational studies (N = 5738,287). The meta-analysis showed that individuals with ADHD have a more than doubled risk of T2D when considering adjusted estimates (OR=2.29 [1.48-3.55], d=0.46). Results from the register-based Swedish data showed a significant association between ADHD and T2D (HR=2.35 [2.14-2.58]), with substance use disorder, depression, and anxiety being the main drivers of the association, and cardiovascular and familiar risk playing a smaller role. While results from the meta-analysis provide evidence for an increased risk of T2D in individuals with ADHD, the register-based analyses show that the association between ADHD and T2D is largely explained by psychiatric comorbidities. Pending further evidence of causal association, our findings suggest that early identification and treatment of ADHD comorbidities might greatly reduce the risk of developing T2D in individuals with ADHD.
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These conditions frequently co-occur with ADHD.
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- Authors
- Garcia-Argibay, M., Li, L., Du Rietz, E., Zhang, L., Yao, H., Jendle, J., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Ribasés, M., Chang, Z., Brikell, I., Cortese, S., & Larsson, H.
- Affiliations
- Örebro University (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 147
- Pages
- 105076
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4319311597
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (965381)
- Vetenskapsrådet (2018-02599)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, type 2 diabetes, diabetes risk, psychiatric comorbidity, substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, cardiovascular risk, familial risk, sibling studies, registry study, causal relationship
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Comorbidity, Siblings
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