Association of Diurnal Patterns in Salivary Cortisol With Type 2 Diabetes in the Whitehall II Study
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CONTEXT: The hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis is thought to play a role in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). However, the evidence for an association between diurnal cortisol patterns and T2D is equivocal. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the association of cortisol patterns throughout the day with T2D status in a community-dwelling population. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of T2D status and salivary cortisol from phase 7 (2002-2004) of the Whitehall II study, United Kingdom. SETTING: The occupational cohort was originally recruited in 1985-1988. PARTICIPANTS: Three-thousand, five-hundred eight white men and women including 238 participants with T2D aged 50-74 years with complete information on cortisol secretion participated. OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured diurnal cortisol (nmol/L) patterns from six saliva samples obtained over the course of a normal day: at waking, +30 min, +2.5, +8, +12 hours, and bedtime. The cortisol awakening response and slope in diurnal secretion were calculated. RESULTS: T2D status was associated with a flatter slope in cortisol decline across the day (b = 0.004; confidence interval [CI], 0.001-0.007; P = .014) and greater bedtime cortisol (b = 0.063; CI, 0.010-0.117; P = 0.020) independent of a wide range of covariates measured at the time of cortisol assessment. There was no association between morning cortisol, the cortisol awakening response, and T2D (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: In this nonclinical population, T2D was associated with a flatter slope in cortisol levels across the day and raised bedtime cortisol values.
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In the largest study to date, over 3,500 individuals from the Whitehall II cohort with T2DM had a flatter slope in levels of cortisol across the day and raised evening concentrations of cortisol compared with healthy individuals.
“The largest study to date, which included over 3,500 individuals from the Whitehall II epidemiological cohort, reported that people with T2DM had a flatter slope in levels of cortisol across the day and raised evening concentrations of cortisol compared with healthy individuals 30”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Hackett, R. A., Steptoe, A., & Kumari, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Essex (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hackett, Ruth A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4625-4631
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4255120
- OpenAlex
- W2000289373
- Semantic Scholar
- bada6d524b4ece58518ad130479f04ef95924d01
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (RG/10/005/28296)
- University College London
- Medical Research Council (MR/K013351/1, WC1E 6BT)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K005146/1, RES 596-28-0001, ES/J023299/1)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 13196, R37AG013196, R01AG013196)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, salivary cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol awakening response, Whitehall II study, occupational cohort
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva, Cohort Studies
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