Cited by 286Reading and Literacy DevelopmentNeurobiology of Language and BilingualismVisual perception and processing mechanisms

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Tuning of the human left fusiform gyrus to sublexical orthographic structure

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Binder, Jeffrey R., Medler, David A., Westbury, Chris F., Liebenthal, Einat, Buchanan, Lori·2006·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.053PMC PMC1634933

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Abstract

Neuropsychological and neurophysiological evidence point to a role for the left fusiform gyrus in visual word recognition, but the specific nature of this role remains a topic of debate. The aim of this study was to measure the sensitivity of this region to sublexical orthographic structure. We measured blood oxygenation (BOLD) changes in the brain with functional magnetic resonance imaging while fluent readers of English viewed meaningless letter strings. The stimuli varied systematically in their approximation to English orthography, as measured by the probability of occurrence of letters and sequential letter pairs (bigrams) comprising the string. A whole-brain analysis showed a single region in the lateral left fusiform gyrus where BOLD signal increased with letter sequence probability; no other brain region showed this response pattern. The results suggest tuning of this cortical area to letter probabilities as a result of perceptual experience and provide a possible neural correlate for the 'word superiority effect' observed in letter perception research.

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Background
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Background
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Result
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“…presented stream of stimuli (Vinckier et al., 2007), detecting repeated stimuli from trial to trial (Wang et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2011) or detecting the nonlinguistic feature (ascenders, color, size, etc.) of the stimuli (Binder et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2008; Starrfelt and Gerlach, 2007).”
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“Both were in contrast with the leftlateralized orthographic and GPC effects on N170 based on alphabetic languages (Bentin et al., 1999; Binder et al., 2006; Simon et al., 2006; Vinckier et al., 2007).”
Result
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“…(Dehaene et al., 2004; Vinckier et al., 2007; Thesen et al., 2012): posterior parts respond to individual letters, irrespective of case (Dehaene et al., 2004; Thesen et al., 2012), whereas anterior parts respond to letter combinations such as bigrams (Binder et al., 2006; Vinckier et al., 2007).”
Background
Neural deficits in auditory phonological processing in Chinese children with English reading impairment
Meng, X., You, H., Song, M., Desroches, A. S., Wang, Z., WEI, N., Tian, M., Gaab, N., & Ding, G. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728915000073 · Cited by 23
“Notably, this region is believed to be responsible for processing the orthographic structure of well-learned visual word forms (Puce, Allison, Asgari, Gore & McCarthy, 1996; Cohen, Dehaene, Naccache, Lehericy, Dehaene-Lambertz, Henaff & Michel, 2000; Kronbichler, Hutzler, Wimmer, Mair, Staffen & Ladurner, 2004; Kuo, Y…”
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“Perhaps the context of the letters M and T helps to categorize stimulus 4 as a poor instance of letter A in ‘M4T3R14L’ ‐ internalized statistics about the transitional probabilities of letters, which are known to be represented in the left occipitotemporal visual word form system [ 6 ,7], might provide mutual support…”
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Background
Temporal course of word recognition in skilled readers: A magnetoencephalography study
Simos, P. G., Pugh, K. R., Mencl, E., Frost, S. J., FLETCHER, J., Sarkari, S., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.038 · Cited by 18
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Ma, L., Jiang, Y., Bai, J., Gong, Q., Liu, H., Chen, H.-C., He, S., & Weng, X. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026310 · Cited by 17
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Evidence for automatic sentence priming in the fusiform semantic area: Convergent ERP and fMRI findings
Dien, J., & O’Hare, A. J. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.045 · Cited by 17
“The first is the visual word form area (VWFA), an area that has been implicated in orthographic analysis at the bigram level (Binder et al., 2006; Dehaene et al., 2005; Dien, in press(a,b); McCandliss et al., 2003).”
Background
Common Neural Basis of Motor Sequence Learning and Word Recognition and Its Relation With Individual Differences in Reading Skill
Hung, Y.-H., Frost, S. J., Molfese, P. J., Malins, J. G., Landi, N., Mencl, W. E., Rueckl, J. G., Bogaerts, L., & Pugh, K. R. (2018) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2018.1451533 · Cited by 17
“…of these reading critical regions (e.g., the VWFA and IFG) are involved in statistical learning and sequence detection when linguistic stimuli are used (Binder et al. 2006; Frost et al., 2005; Fiez et al. 1999; Herbster et al. 1997; Graves et al., 2010; Mechelli et al. 2005; Vinckier et al. 2007).”
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In cerebro unveiling unconscious mechanisms during reading
Lévy, J. (2010) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 17
Examining the neuroanatomical and the behavioural basis of the effect of basic rhythm on reading aloud
Gould, L. A., Mickleborough, M., Ekstrand, C., Lorentz, E. J., & Borowsky, R. (2016) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2016.1271135 · Cited by 20
Domain Generality and Specificity of Statistical Learning and its Relation with Reading Ability
Hung, Y.-H., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2018) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90805-2_2 · Cited by 16
Differential activation of the visual word form area during auditory phoneme perception in youth with dyslexia
Conant, L. L., Liebenthal, E., Desai, A., Seidenberg, M. S., & Binder, J. R. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107543 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
fMRI of Language Systems: Methods and Applications
Binder, J. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0345-7_23 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Visual processing of words in a patient with visual form agnosia: A behavioural and fMRI study
Cavina‐Pratesi, C., Large, M., & Milner, A. D. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.017 · Cited by 16
“Previous research tells us that neurons in the VWFA are sensitive to knowledge of orthographic regularity derived from perceptual experience (Binder et al., 2006; Vinckier et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The association of grey matter volume and cortical complexity with individual differences in children's arithmetic fluency
Polspoel, B., Vandermosten, M., & Smedt, B. D. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107293 · Cited by 16
Cracking the neural code for word recognition in convolutional neural networks
Agrawal, A., & Dehaene, S. (2024) · PLoS Comput. Biol. · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012430 · Cited by 11
A neuronal gamma oscillatory signature during morphological unification in the left occipitotemporal junction
Lévy, J., Peter Hagoort, A., & Démonet, J. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22589 · Cited by 13
Broken Symmetries in a Location-Invariant Word Recognition Network
Hannagan, T., Dandurand, F., & Jonathan Grainger, B. (2010) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_00064 · Cited by 15
“Interestingly it has been argued that because it supports the internal organization of the VWFA in a hierarchy of units of increasing complexity (Vinckier et al, 2007 ), this constraint could be sufficient to produce units that activate for specific open bigrams (Dehaene, Cohen, Sigman, & Vinckier, 2005 ), as observed…”
Background
A test of the role of the medial temporal lobe in single-word decoding
Osipowicz, K. Z., Rickards, T. A., Shah, A., Sharan, A. D., Sperling, M. R., Kahn, W., & Tracy, J. I. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.049 · Cited by 17
“(2005) demonstrated that within the left fusiform gyrus there may be important distinctions within the decoding network (see also: Deitz et al., 2005; Binder et al., 2005; Binder et al., 2006; Vinkier et al., 2007; Starrfelt & Gerlach, 2007).”
LEARNING TO READ IN ADULTHOOD: AN EVALUATION OF A LITERACY PROGRAM FOR FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE ADULTS IN GERMANY
Boltzmann, M., Rüsseler, J., Ye, Z., & Münte, T. F. (2013) · Problems of Education in the 21st Century · doi:10.33225/pec/13.51.33 · Cited by 15
Probabilistic orthographic cues to grammatical category in the brain
Arciuli, J., McMahon, K. L., & de Zubicaray, G. I. (2012) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.09.009 · Cited by 15
“Nor was any significant activity in either direction detected in the two left occipito-temporal ROIs adapted from Binder et al. (2006) and Vinckier et al. (2007), respectively, or in the left occipital ROI from Woollams et al. (2010) using SVC. Employing correction for multiple comparisons at the…”
Influential
Culture is not destiny, for reading: highlighting variable routes to literacy within writing systems
Hirshorn, E. A., & Harris, L. N. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14768 · Cited by 13
Functional organization of the ventral occipitotemporal regions for Chinese orthographic processing
Tian, M., Li, H., Chu, M., & Ding, G. (2020) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100909 · Cited by 14
Hemispheric differences in orthographic and semantic processing as revealed by event-related potentials
Dickson, D. S., & Federmeier, K. D. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.037 · Cited by 14
Implicit reading in Chinese pure alexia
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The impact of inverted text on visual word processing: An fMRI study
Sussman, B. L., Reddigari, S., & Newman, S. D. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.02.004 · Cited by 15
Computational models of location-invariant orthographic processing
Dandurand, F., Hannagan, T., & Grainger, J. (2013) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540091.2013.801934 · Cited by 13
High-level Integrative Networks: A Resting-state fMRI Investigation of Reading and Spelling
Ellenblum, G., Purcell, J. J., Song, X., & Rapp, B. C. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01405 · Cited by 12
The beat goes on: the effect of rhythm on reading aloud
Gould, L. A., McKibben, T., Ekstrand, C., Lorentz, E. J., & Borowsky, R. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1089360 · Cited by 13
Demystifying visual word form area visual and nonvisual response properties with precision fMRI
Li, J., Hiersche, K., & Saygin, Z. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111481 · Cited by 19
“68,73 General lexical or visual semantics, interestingly, might be associated with an even more anterior cluster, 65 which we will discuss further below.”
Towards a universal neurobiological architecture for learning to read
Marcin Szwed, A., Vinckier, F., Cohen, L., & Dehaene, S. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000283 · Cited by 12
Evidence for rapid localist plasticity in the ventral visual stream: the example of words
Riesenhuber, M., & Glezer, L. S. (2016) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2016.1210178 · Cited by 12
One tract, two tract, old tract, new tract: A pilot study of the structural and functional differentiation of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
Rollans, C., & Cummine, J. (2018) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.12.009 · Cited by 12
Local response heterogeneity indexes experience-based neural differentiation in reading
Purcell, J. J., & Rapp, B. C. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.063 · Cited by 13
“Consistent with previous research identifying the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOTC) as a key site for orthographic representation in both reading and spelling (Dehaene et al., 2002; McCandliss et al., 2003; Binder et al., 2006; Gaillard et al., 2006; e.g., Baker et al., 2007; Rapp et al., 2015; Purcell et al…”
Featural and configural processing of faces and houses in matched dyslexic and typical readers
Jozranjbar, B., Kristjansson, A. K., & Sigurdardottir, H. M. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108059 · Cited by 12
Progress in elementary school reading linked to growth of cortical responses to familiar letter combinations within visual word forms
Wang, F., Kaneshiro, B., Toomarian, E. Y., Gosavi, R. S., Hasak, L. R., Moron, S., Nguyen, Q. T. H., Norcia, A. M., & McCandliss, B. D. (2023) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13435 · Cited by 11
Maximum mutual information for feature extraction from graph-structured data: Application to Alzheimer’s disease classification
Yang, J., Wang, S., & Wu, T. (2022) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-022-03528-x · Cited by 11
“The left supra-marginal gyrus is crucial for writing [53], and the left fusiform gyrus is required for visual word recognition [54].”
Background
Dyslexia: Causes and Concomitant Impairments
Werth, R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030472 · Cited by 11
Perception of Ultra-Fast Speech by a Blind Listener - Does He Use His Visual System?
Moos, A., Hertrich, I., Dietrich, S., Trouvain, J., & Ackermann, H. (2008) · Cited by 11
Working memory representation in atypical language dominance
Axmacher, N., Bialleck, K. A., Weber, B., Helmstaedter, C., Elger, C. E., & Fell, J. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20645 · Cited by 13
“The activation of the inferior temporal cortex during verbal WM is likely due to the fact that concrete verbal stimuli, such as the ones used in our study, induce a more pronounced reactivation of objectrelated information; on the other hand, even sublexical sign strings have also been shown to elicit activity in infe…”
Background
N170 adaptation effect of the sub-lexical phonological and semantic processing in Chinese character reading
ZHANG, R., Zhenhu, W. A. N. G., Wang, X., & Yang, J. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00807 · Cited by 10
Lexical is as lexical does: computational approaches to lexical representation
Woollams, A. M. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1005637 · Cited by 10
Priming for letters and pseudoletters in mid-fusiform cortex: examining letter selectivity and case invariance
Burgund, E. D., Guo, Y., & Aurbach, E. L. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1661-9 · Cited by 10
“lus demands, and is not dedicated to the processing of words per se (Binder et al. 2006; Joseph et al. 2003, 2006; Kronbichler et al. 2004; Mechelli et al. 2003; Price and Devlin 2003, 2004; Rogers et al. 2005; Starrfelt and Gerlach 2007; Xue et al. 2006).”
Background

Authors: Binder, J. R., Medler, D. A., Westbury, C. F., Liebenthal, E., & Buchanan, L.
Affiliations: Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
University of Alberta (CA)
University of Windsor (CA)
Corresponding author: Binder, Jeffrey R.
ORCID: Binder, Jeffrey R.
Westbury, Chris F.
Liebenthal, Einat
Buchanan, Lori
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 739-748
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.053
PMC: PMC1634933
OpenAlex: W2070993882
Cited by: 286
References: 74
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 23.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH51358, P01MH051358)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033576, R01 NS33576)
National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR00058, M01RR000058)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords: fusiform gyrus, visual word recognition, bigrams, word superiority effect, letter perception, perceptual experience, English orthography, BOLD signal
MeSH terms: Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Educational Status, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen, Reference Values

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Tuning of the human left fusiform gyrus to sublexical orthographic structure

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