Co-activation patterns distinguish cortical modules, their connectivity and functional differentiation

“…physiology of correlations in the absence of a structured task remains somewhat elusive, it seems plausible that “resting” state, as a mixture of various cognitive processes, may likewise sample the repertoire of operations brain networks can perform (Buckner and Vincent, 2007; Smith et al., 2009).”

“Other approaches such as psychophysiological interactions or Granger causalitymapping are used to identify regions, showing a context-dependent change in their coupling with a particular seed region (Friston et al., 1997; Goebel et al., 2003) under the assumptions of the employed model.”

“…likely conveying meaningful functional relationships between brain regions are illustrated by the fact that they were reported to widely correspond with both task-state networks (Biswal et al., 1995; Smith et al., 2009) and structural connectivity (Greicius et al., 2009; Hagmann et al., 2008).”

“In addition, a necessary step toward understanding cortical organization is to relate connectivity-defined modules and functional differentiations to microstructural maps of the human cerebral cortex (Amunts et al., 2007; Eickhoff et al., 2005; Eickhoff et al., 2008b; Zilles et al., 2002).”

“Other approaches such as psychophysiological interactions or Granger causalitymapping are used to identify regions, showing a context-dependent change in their coupling with a particular seed region (Friston et al., 1997; Goebel et al., 2003) under the assumptions of the employed model.”

“On these, tractography algorithms may be employed to derive information about the most likely fiber tract direction from particular seed or the course and strength of pathways connecting two different regions of the cortex (Behrens et al., 2003; Ramnani et al., 2004).”

“…likely conveying meaningful functional relationships between brain regions are illustrated by the fact that they were reported to widely correspond with both task-state networks (Biswal et al., 1995; Smith et al., 2009) and structural connectivity (Greicius et al., 2009; Hagmann et al., 2008).”

“…described co-activation parcellation of the seed region, ALE scores for the MACM analysis of this cluster were compared to a null-distribution that reflects a random spatial association between experiments, but regards the within-experiment distribution of foci as fixed (Eickhoff et al., 2009).”

“001 was used to extract the clusters (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“This version of the likelihood estimation algorithm was selected, as it allows for subtraction analysis, using themethod described in Eickhoff et al. (2011).”

“In order to correct for differences in study sizes, simulated data were generated from the original data sets, and randomly divided into partitions of equal size as the input data (Eickhoff et al. 2011).”

“We used the MACM package [Eickhoff et al., 2011; Robinson et al., 2010] in the MATLAB environment to perform a task-dependent co-activation-based parcellation.”

“Contrast analysis was performed through ALE subtraction analysis (Eickhoff et al., 2011) to identify the differential pattern of GMV changes between PSP and PD.”

“The Brainnetome Atlas uses meta data labels of the BrainMap Database (www.brain map.org/ taxonomy) using forward and reverse inferences (Cieslik et al., 2013; Clos, Amunts, Laird, Fox, & Eickhoff, 2013; Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“resting-state functional connectivity (Fox and Raichle, 2007), co-activation patterns (Cieslik et al., in press; Eickhoff et al., 2011) or diffusion-based structural connectivity using tractography algorithms (Klein et al.”

“While coactivation patterns over several experiments can be used to characterize cortical modules [e.g., Eickhoff et al., 2011], conclusions from a single experiment could be prone to errors.”

“Meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM: Eickhoff et al., 2011) is a complementary means of estimating functional connectivity from contrast maps rather than correlations between regional time series.”

“In alignment with the approach by Craske et al. (2014) to maximize inhibitory learning by actively testing the expectation, we hypothesize a different cognitive processing of “active” paradigms, which encourage a behavioral adaptation and Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 3 July 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 1…”

“VC 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Key words: pedophilia; meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM); functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); resting state; functional connectivity; neuroimaging r r”

“For the functional characterization we proceeded as follows: using the BrainMap database (http://www.brainmap.org), all experiments that reported at least one focus of activation within each VOI volume were identified (Eickhoff et al., 2009, 2011).”

“…2012; Tucholka et al., 2008), K-means clustering (Flandin et al., 2002; Kahnt, Chang, Park, Heinzle, & Haynes, 2012; Thomas Yeo et al., 2011), hierarchical clustering (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Michel et al., 2012; Orban et al., 2014), and spectral clustering (Chen et al., 2013; Thirion et al., 2006).”

“In order to further characterize the functional properties of the identified brain regions, we used the clusters resulting from our ALE meta-analyses as seed regions for two different kinds of functional connectivity analysis, task-independent (resting-state) and task-based functional connectivity (based on meta-analy…”

“Differences in coactivation between STN and GPi MACMs were examined by first computing the voxel-wise difference between ALE maps [see Eickhoff et al., 2011].”

“However, GingerALE accounts for an unbalanced number of studies that are subjected to certain contrasts by means of data simulation and permutation (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“This was achieved through an agglomerative approach in which clusters initially formed by individual regions that are subsequently merged according to their similarity using standardized Euclidean distances and Ward’s incremental sum of squares method (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Timm, 2002).”

“To further investigate the task-based functional connectivity of the FP, we conducted co-activation based parcellation (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Johansen-Berg et al., 2004) in conjunctionwithMACM.”

“We performed a series of ALE subtraction analyses (Eickhoff et al. 2011) to identify the brain areas that were more con-”

“For the conjunction analysis, all the ALE maps were thresholded, and the conjunction map was obtained by simply identifying the intersection between the adult and adolescent ALE results (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Wu et al., 2021).”

“Both networks were derived from previous meta-analytic studies, which used anatomical likelihood estimation (ALE; (Eickhoff et al. 2009; Eickhoff et al. 2012)) to identify regions that are robustly activated across studies, for specific task paradigms.”

“Information in different modalities may allow parcellations to capture distinct aspects of functional organization, including organization at differing levels of granularity (Eickhoff et al. 2011; Cloutman and Lambon Ralph 2012; Eickhoff et al. 2018).”

“To perform each discriminability analysis, all coordinates of the experiments contributing to the meta-analysis were pooled together and randomly divided into two groups of the same size as the original contrasted sets of data (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“Secondly, contrast analyses (Eickhoff et al., 2011) were conducted between the think/no-think and emotion regulation tasks.”

“A contrast meta-analysis can detect clusters with stronger BOLD signals in one condition than another, and a conjunction meta-analysis can detect the overlapping co-activated brain regions between two conditions (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“2011(Eickhoff et al., 2011) was then used to derive voxel-wise z score maps that reflect the voxelwise association between stimulation and each specific (rather than a random) behavioural effect.”

“The experiments contributing to either analysis were then pooled and randomly divided into two groups of the same size as the sets of contrasted experiments (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“Furthermore, while the term “co-activation pattern/map” is commonly used to describe spatial patterns identified by event-detection approaches, the term co-activation pattern (CAP) also refers to a specific category of event detection approaches (Liu, Zhang, Chang, and Duyn, 2018), and the term co-activation has also…”

“…reverse inference, we compared the probabilities of a particular behavioural domain being present given activation in one or the other seed Brain Struct Funct (2015) 220:1739–1757 1745 (Bzdok et al. 2013b; Cieslik et al. 2013b; Clos et al. 2013; Eickhoff et al. 2011a; Rottschy et al. 2013).”

“The time-series data of each voxel were processed as follows (Eickhoff et al. 2011; Fox et al. 2009; Jakobs et al. 2012; Weissenbacher et al. 2009; Zu Eulenburg et al. 2012): in order to reduce spurious correlations, variance that could be explained by the following nuisance variables was removed—(a) the six motion pa…”

“In conjunction and contrast analyses, the ALE maps of two conditions are examined in activation likelihood for their overlap and distinctness, respectively (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“The MFC, including the supplementary (SMA) and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), was manually drawn in the MNI152 brain image, extending from y = - 22 to y = 30, with a short distance above the cingulate sulcus (Johansen-Berg et al. 2004; Eickhoff et al. 2011).”

“It contains the shared regions that exist in both ALE images (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“The time-series data of each voxel in the brain was then processed as follows (cf. Eickhoff et al., 2011; Fox et al., 2009; Weissenbacher et al., 2009; zu Eulenburg et al., 2012): In order to reduce spurious correlations , variance that could be explained by the following nuisance variables was…”

“1 Note that this functional relationship is often referred to as effective connectivity, that is the c term functional connectivity usually refers to the temporal correlation between functional brain s connectivity where correlation is defined across subject (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“…the other hand, has been associated with selecting the appropriate motor response from different alternatives (for a review, see Nachev et al., 2008) and is strongly related to tasks requiring cognitive control of motor responses, such as task switching or word generation (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“For each comparison, a conjunction image was created, using the voxel-wise minimum value of the included ALE images, to display the similarity between datasets (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“Significance was established using a binomial test (p < 0.05; Eickhoff et al., 2011; Nickl-Jockschat et al., 2012).”

“…evidence of distinct patterns of brain activity organization, with segregated, yet integrated modules that dynamically interact during rest and task-based activity (van den Heuvel et al. 2009 ; Eickhoff et al. 2011; Laird et al. 2013; Raichle 2015; Margulies et al. 2016; Basile et al. 2022a ).”

“It should be noted that the ALE subtraction analysis applies permutation significance testing, which controls for differences in the number of papers on each side of the comparison (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Erickson et al., 2017).”

“All experiments contributing to the two contrasted clusters were pooled and randomly divided into two groups of the same size as the two original sets of experiments defined by activation in the first or second cluster (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“…analysis, the experiments were divided into two groups: the first group (or pseudo-cluster) had a number of experiments equal to that of the exisiting RDoC domain, and the second group had a number of experiments equal to the sum of emotion regulation (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Rottschy et al., 2012).”

“Approaches based on task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) co-activation (e.g., Eickhoff et al., 2011) are more promising but, thus far, have relied on meta-analytic methods that suffer from relying on reported activity peak locations rather than full-brain activation patterns and…”

“…et al., 2003; Cohen M. X. et al., 2008; Moreno-Dominguez et al., 2014), functional (Cohen M. X. et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2010; Craddock et al., 2012), or meta-analytic connectivity (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2016), as well as genetic correlation (Chen et al., 2012; Cui et al., 2016).”

“Additionally, contrast analyses (stimuli type and task type) were performed by subtracting previously thresholded maps from one another (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“All MNI coordinates were converted into Talairach space using the icbm2tal transform [Lancaster et al., 2007] implemented in GingerALE software package [Eickhoff et al., 2009, 2011].”

“Outstandingly, the operculum exhibited changes in coupling for the period of the nociceptive input, as proved by pinpoint differences and decreased connectivity with the basal ganglia, depending on whether a nocebo context has been provided or not (Ellerbrock et al., 2015).”

“Based on the BrainMap database, area-specific functions of Op5, Op6, and Op7 were analyzed.”

“The correction for many correlated statistical tests is a problem for contrast meta-analysis that has not yet been addressed [12]; indeed contrast meta-analysis has previously been performed without any correction [13], which will inevitably lead to false positive results.”

“To identify brain areas likely to be activated in both groups, and brain areas that differed between the two groups, we generated a conjunction map as well as two contrast ALE maps (older adult > young adult and young adult > older adult; Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“…down-regulation’ meta-analyses, meant as a ‘meta-contrast’ between the two resulting meta-analytic maps) were obtained by directly subtracting one input image from the other, with significant ALE subtraction scores converted into Z scores to aid their interpretation (Eickhoff et al ., 2011).”

“…k-means clustering (Flandin et al., 2002; Kahnt et al., 2012), mixture models (Golland et al., 2007; Yeo et al., 2011), and hierarchical clustering (Eickhoff et al., 2011; Michel et al., 2012; Orban et al., 2015) [e.g., the Ward method (Johnson, 1967; Ward, 2012)] have been extensively explored.”

“GingerALE offers two options for analyzing data sets: (1) analyzing a single data set and (2) comparing and contrasting two different sets (Eickhoff et al., 2011).”

“Conjunction meta-analyses (Eickhoff et al., 2011) were conducted to detect overlapping activated brain regions between groups.”

“…application of a variety of experimental paradigms to further disentangle the functions of brain regions is, however, constrained by practical factors such as the high costs and the tremendous effort involved in organizing (large-scale) functional neuroimaging studies (Eickhoff et al. 2011).”