Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo‐planar mri
Abstract
An MRI time course of 512 echo-planar images (EPI) in resting human brain obtained every 250 ms reveals fluctuations in signal intensity in each pixel that have a physiologic origin. Regions of the sensorimotor cortex that were activated secondary to hand movement were identified using functional MRI methodology (FMRI). Time courses of low frequency (< 0.1 Hz) fluctuations in resting brain were observed to have a high degree of temporal correlation (P < 10(-3)) within these regions and also with time courses in several other regions that can be associated with motor function. It is concluded that correlation of low frequency fluctuations, which may arise from fluctuations in blood oxygenation or flow, is a manifestation of functional connectivity of the brain.
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Changing the focus from task-based experiments to analyzing spontaneous activity while participants were resting revealed synchronous low-frequency (<0.1 Hz) fluctuations in the BOLD signal that formed coherent networks of neural activity.
“Changing the focus from task-based experiments to analyzing spontaneous activity while participants were resting revealed synchronous low-frequency (< 0.1 Hz) fluctuations in the BOLD signal that formed coherent networks of neural activity.14”
From Graph theory analysis of complex brain networks: new concepts in brain mapping applied to neurosurgery (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Correlations in low-frequency fluctuations can be used to probe functional brain networks, and these fluctuations reflect coactivation of task-relevant regions.
“Two observations stood out: correlations in lowfrequency fluctuations could be used to probe functional brain networks, and these fluctuations reflected coactivation of taskrelevant regions.”
From 20 years of the default mode network: A review and synthesis. (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The first observation of correlated resting-state activity was in bilateral sensorimotor cortex.
“Correlated resting-state activity was first identified in bilateral sensorimotor cortex by (Biswal et al., 1995)”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Biswal et al., 1995
Functional connectivity provides detailed spatial maps of putatively functionally related regions.
“This method of functional connectivity (8), first applied to mapping the motor cortical system (9), provides remarkably detailed spatial maps of putatively functionally related regions (10).”
From Cingulate-Precuneus Interactions: A New Locus of Dysfunction in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2008) · cites this paper as [9]
Resting-state functional connectivity MRI assesses spontaneous intrinsic correlated BOLD activity while subjects are not performing a specific task.
“Rs-fcMRI assesses spontaneous intrinsic correlated blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity while subjects are not performing a specific task (Biswal et al., 1995; Fair et al., 2007; Fox and Raichle, 2007).”
From Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Biswal et al., 1995
At rest, functionally connected brain regions display correlated spontaneous low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations.
“It is based on the discovery that, at rest, functionally connected brain regions display correlated spontaneous low-frequency (<~0.1 Hz) BOLD signal fluctuations (Biswal et al., 1995).”
From Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Biswal et al., 1995
Clusters of brain regions involved in motor learning can be recognized at rest and in-task.
“Clusters of brain regions involved in motor learning can be recognized, both at rest (Albert, Robertson, & Miall, 2009;Biswal, Yetkin, Haughton, & Hyde, 1995;Wu, Srinivasan, Kaur, & Cramer, 2014) and in-task (Hasan et al., 2013).”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Biswal, Yetkin, Haughton, & Hyde, 1995
rfMRI timeseries from one part of the motor cortex were temporally correlated with other parts of the same functional network even with the subject at rest.
“it was first noted that the rfMRI timeseries from one part of the motor cortex were temporally correlated with other parts of the same functional network, even with the subject at rest [1]”
From Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
Early rfMRI studies typically characterised functional connectivity via a small number of large-scale spatial maps.
“Early rfMRI studies typically characterised functional connectivity via a small number of large-scale spatial maps [1, 2].”
From Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
Functional pathways critical to vision, motor function, audition, language, reading, and attention are detectable as enhanced FC computed from at rest inter-region oscillatory synchronization determined via fMRI.
“Functional pathways critical to vision, motor function, audition, language, reading, and attention are detectable as enhanced FC computed from at rest inter-region oscillatory synchronization determined via functional magnetic resonance imaging (34–42).”
From Elevated functional connectivity along a corticostriatal loop and the mechanism of auditory/verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
Correlations have been noted between regions commonly modulated together by task paradigms, including somatomotor, visual, auditory, language, task-negative/default, and task-positive regions including the IPS and FEF.
“Correlations have been noted between regions commonly modulated together by task paradigms such as so-matomotor, visual, auditory, language, task-negative͞default, and task-positive regions including the IPS and FEF (28,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34).”
From Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems (2006) · cites this paper as [30]
Coherent spontaneous fluctuations have been observed within systems associated with specific behavior in the absence of that behavior, such as in the motor system in the absence of movement.
“Second, coherent spontaneous fluctuations have been observed within systems associated with specific behavior in the absence of that behavior such as in the motor system in the absence of movement (30,40,42).”
From Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems (2006) · cites this paper as [30]
The finding of a highly lateralized system on the basis of spontaneous activity is uncommon.
“It should be noted that the finding of a highly lateralized system on the basis of spontaneous activity is uncommon.”
From Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems (2006) · cites this paper as [30]
The vast majority of intrinsically defined systems identified to date are predominantly bilateral, including the somatomotor, visual, auditory, task-negative/default, and task-positive/dorsal attention system.
“The vast majority of intrinsically defined systems identified to date are predominantly bilateral, including the somatomotor, visual, auditory, task-negative͞default, and task-positive͞dorsal attention system (28,30,31,33,34).”
From Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems (2006) · cites this paper as [30]
Resting state maps derived using conventional seed-based correlation and spatial independent component analyses reveal similar connectivity patterns for term and pre-term neonates scanned at term equivalent age.
“Resting state maps derived using conventional seed-based correlation3 and spatial independent component analyses18 reveal similar connectivity patterns for term and pre-term neonates scanned at term equivalent age.”
From Functional properties of resting state networks in healthy full-term newborns (2015) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Biswal, B., Zerrin Yetkin, F., Haughton, V. M., & Hyde, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hyde, James S.
- Venue
- Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1995-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 537-541
- ISSN
- 0740-3194 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-2594
- OpenAlex
- W2009494091
- Cited by
- 9,812
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 332 · 2025: 425 · 2024: 522 · 2023: 483 · 2022: 572 · 2021: 686 · 2020: 606 · 2019: 591 · 2018: 623 · 2017: 627 · 2016: 585 · 2015: 622 · 2014: 621 · 2013: 601 · 2012: 461
- FWCI
- 9.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca041464-14)
- National Cancer Institute (CA41464)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- functional connectivity, resting-state brain, motor cortex, sensorimotor cortex, echo-planar MRI, temporal correlation, blood oxygenation level-dependent signal, BOLD signal
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Adult, Brain, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Electroencephalography, Female, Fingers, Hand, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Cortex, Motor Skills, Movement, Neurons, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Rest, Somatosensory Cortex, Echo-Planar Imaging
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