Cited by 312Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesEEG and Brain-Computer InterfacesBlind Source Separation Techniques

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Removing artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings using independent component analysis: Importance for assessing prefrontal and motor cortex network properties

Rogasch, Nigel C., Thomson, Richard H., Farzan, Faranak, Fitzgibbon, Bernadette M., Bailey, Neil W., Hernandez-Pavon, Julio C., Daskalakis, Zafiris J., Fitzgerald, Paul B.·2014·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.037

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Abstract

Introduction The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is emerging as a powerful tool for causally investigating cortical mechanisms and networks. However, various artefacts contaminate TMS-EEG recordings, particularly over regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The aim of this study was to substantiate removal of artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings following stimulation of the DLPFC and motor cortex using independent component analysis (ICA). Methods 36 healthy volunteers (30.8 ± 9 years, 9 female) received 75 single TMS pulses to the left DLPFC or left motor cortex while EEG was recorded from 57 electrodes. A subset of 9 volunteers also received 50 sham pulses. The large TMS artefact and early muscle activity (-2 to ~15 ms) were removed using interpolation and the remaining EEG signal was processed in two separate ICA runs using the FastICA algorithm. Five sub-types of TMS-related artefacts were manually identified: remaining muscle artefacts, decay artefacts, blink artefacts, auditory-evoked potentials and other noise-related artefacts. The cause of proposed blink and auditory-evoked potentials was assessed by concatenating known artefacts (i.e. voluntary blinks or auditory-evoked potentials resulting from sham TMS) to the TMS trials before ICA and evaluating grouping of resultant independent components (ICs). Finally, we assessed the effect of removing specific artefact types on TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and TMS-evoked oscillations. Results Over DLPFC, ICs from proposed muscle and decay artefacts correlated with TMS-evoked muscle activity size, whereas proposed TMS-evoked blink ICs combined with voluntary blinks and auditory ICs with auditory-evoked potentials from sham TMS. Individual artefact sub-types characteristically distorted each measure of DLPFC function across the scalp. When free of artefact, TEPs and TMS-evoked oscillations could be measured following DLPFC stimulation. Importantly, characteristic TEPs following motor cortex stimulation (N15, P30, N45, P60, N100) could be recovered from artefactual data, corroborating the reliability of ICA-based artefact correction. Conclusions Various different artefacts contaminate TMS-EEG recordings over the DLPFC and motor cortex. However, these artefacts can be removed with apparent minimal impact on neural activity using ICA, allowing the study of TMS-evoked cortical network properties.

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“It was confirmed that TMS pulses with even subthreshold intensities applied to the M1 can consistently evoke a series of time- and phase-locked positive or negative deflections, including N15, P30, N45, P55, N100, and P180, termed TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs; [11]).”
Background
Central nervous system physiology
Rothwell, J. C., Antal, A., Burke, D. J., Carlsen, A. N., Georgiev, D., Jahanshahi, M., Sternad, D., Valls‐Solé, J., & Ziemann, U. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.09.013 · Cited by 34
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Method
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Changes in the TMS-evoked potential N100 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a function of depression severity in adolescents
Biermann, L., Wunram, H. L., Pokorny, L., Breitinger, E., Großheinrich, N., Jarczok, T. A., & Bender, S. (2022) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-022-02539-9 · Cited by 30
“However, it is important to consider the topography of the AEP-related N100 component, which has been described in central regions with bilateral distribution (Rogasch et al. 2014) or in the contralateral hemisphere during monaural acoustic stimulation (Hine and Debener 2007).”
Background
EEG Artifact Removal in TMS Studies of Cortical Speech Areas
Salo, K. S.-T., Mutanen, T. P., Vaalto, S. M. I., & Ilmoniemi, R. J. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00724-w · Cited by 28
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“31 The data segments that were zeroed were then replaced using cubic interpolation, removing steps in the data that can introduce ringing artifacts during ﬁltering.”
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Untangling TMS‐EEG responses caused by TMS versus sensory input using optimized sham control and GABAergic challenge
Gordon, P. C., Song, Y. F., Jovellar, D. B., Rostami, M., Belardinelli, P., & Ziemann, U. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283986 · Cited by 25
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“…responses may L = left hemisphere; R = right hemisphere; TEP = TMS-evoked potentials. also contribute to the TEP components in this latency range (Rogasch et al., 2014; ter Braack, de Vos, & van Putten, 2015), and as long as the neuropharmacology of P180 remains unclear, caution must be taken…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Effects of accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation in modulating brain of Alzheimer’s disease
Lin, H., Liang, J., Wang, Q., Shao, Y., Song, P., Li, S., & Bai, Y. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae106 · Cited by 26
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“Independent component analysis (ICA) was performed on cleaned data using FastICA (Rogasch et al., 2014) to decompose 62 spatiotemporal features of the EEG-independent components (EEG ICs), and then the corresponding blink/oculomotor, muscle, or transient electrode artifacts were subtracted from the data via visual ins…”
Action-related dynamic changes in inferior frontal cortex effective connectivity: A TMS/EEG coregistration study
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“last up to 50 milliseconds after TMS pulses [48], and rigorous analysis pipelines are necessary to clean them up without distortion to the early TEP peaks (e.”
Background
Mapping cortical excitability in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Gogulski, J., Cline, C. C., Ross, J. M., Truong, J. T., Sarkar, M., Parmigiani, S., & Keller, C. J. (2023) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.05.008 · Cited by 23
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“Stereotypical artifacts (e.g., blinks, heartbeat, and muscle tension) were removed by independent component analysis (Rogasch et al., 2014).”
Method
Challenges of neural interfaces for stroke motor rehabilitation
Vidaurre, C., Irastorza-Landa, N., Sarasola-Sanz, A., Insausti-Delgado, A., Ray, A. M., Bibián, C., Helmhold, F., Mahmoud, W. J., Ortego-Isasa, I., López‐Larraz, E., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1070404 · Cited by 23
“…coupled with neurostimulation techniques such as functional electrical stimulation (FES) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; Hoﬀmann et al., 2011; Vidaurre et al., 2013, 2019a, 2021; Rogasch et al., 2014, 2017; Iturrate et al., 2018; Kohli and Casson, 2020; Insausti-Delgado et al., 2021).”
Method
Single Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalogram Reveals No Electrophysiological Abnormality in Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kirkovski, M., Rogasch, N. C., Saeki, T., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Enticott, P. G., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0181 · Cited by 25
“Data cleaning was based on that presented by Rogasch et al. (2014).”
Self-citation
Excitability regulation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during sustained instructed fear responses: a TMS-EEG study
González‐Escamilla, G., Chirumamilla, V. C., Meyer, B., Bonertz, T., von Grotthus, S., Vogt, J., Stroh, A., Horstmann, J.-P., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32781-9 · Cited by 22
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“Single-pulse TMS over the left M1 resulted in a series of negative and positive peaks including N45, P60, N100 and P180, in line with previous TMS-EEG studies assessed in the motor cortex [54 – 57].”
Real-time optimization to enhance noninvasive cortical excitability assessment in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Parmigiani, S., Cline, C. C., Sarkar, M., Forman, L., Truong, J. T., Ross, J. M., Gogulski, J., & Keller, C. J. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.02.261 · Cited by 24
Online neurostimulation of Broca’s area does not interfere with syntactic predictions: A combined TMS-EEG approach to basic linguistic combination
Maran, M., Numssen, O., Hartwigsen, G., Friederici, A. D., & Zaccarella, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968836 · Cited by 21
A randomised sham-controlled study evaluating rTMS analgesic efficacy for postherpetic neuralgia
Wang, H., Hu, Y., Deng, J., Yang, Y., Huang, M., Che, X., & Liang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1158737 · Cited by 23
“Concurrent TMS electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) represents a promising technology to evaluate local and distributed neuroplastic changes in the central nervous system following TMS treatment (Rogasch et al., 2014; Cash et al., 2017; Che et al., 2019).”
Background
Reduction hybrid artifacts of EMG–EOG in electroencephalography evoked by prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation
Bai, Y., Wan, X., Zeng, K., Ni, Y., Qiu, L., & Xiaoli Li, A. (2016) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/6/066016 · Cited by 21
Causal modulation of right hemisphere fronto-parietal phase synchrony with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation during a conscious visual detection task
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Cortical reactivity to transcranial magnetic stimulation predicts risk of post-stroke delirium
Bai, Y., Belardinelli, P., Thoennes, C., Blum, C., Baur, D., Laichinger, K., Lindig, T. M., Ziemann, U., & Mengel, A. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.11.017 · Cited by 20
“Preprocessing of TMS-EEG (Rogasch et al., 2014) were performed using customized analysis scripts on MATLAB (Version 2017b, MathWorks Inc., Natick, USA) and EEGLAB 14.1.2b.”
Influential
Reliability and Validity of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography Biomarkers
Parmigiani, S., Ross, J. M., Cline, C. C., Minasi, C. B., Gogulski, J., & Keller, C. J. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.12.005 · Cited by 28
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Mancuso, M., Cruciani, A., Sveva, V., Casula, E. P., Brown, K. E., Rothwell, J. C., Lazzaro, V. D., Koch, G., & Rocchi, L. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105434 · Cited by 22
“This procedure has been applied to vertex potentials evoked by auditory stimulation (Rogasch et al., 2014; Ross et al., 2022).”
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“ICA has been commonly used to extract and remove extracranial artifacts from TMS–EEG data [14,22,10,11].”
Method
Characterizing Cortical Oscillatory Responses in Major Depressive Disorder Before and After Convulsive Therapy: A TMS-EEG Study
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Self-citation
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“Afterwards, data was down-sampled to 1 kHz and submitted to a two-step ICA procedure, which has been recommended for TMS-EEG data processing [43].”
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“Therefore, it is impossible to look at genuine TMS-evoked activity (e.g., TEPs) without an accurate but aggressive preprocessing (Ilmoniemi and Kici ´ c, 2010; Rogasch et al., 2014).”
Background
Right prefrontal activation predicts ADHD and its severity: A TMS-EEG study in young adults
Hadas, I., Hadar, A. A., Lazarovits, A., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Zangen, A. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110340 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Motor cortex oscillates at its intrinsic post-movement beta rhythm following real (but not sham) single pulse, rhythmic and arrhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation
Hannah, R., Muralidharan, V., & Aron, A. R. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118975 · Cited by 18
Local Differences in Cortical Excitability – A Systematic Mapping Study of the TMS-Evoked N100 Component
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EEG responses induced by cerebellar TMS at rest and during visuomotor adaptation
Fong, P., Spampinato, D. A., Michell, K., Mancuso, M., Brown, K. E., Ibáñez, J., Santo, A. D., Latorre, A., Bhatia, K. P., Rothwell, J. C., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120188 · Cited by 16
Independent component analysis by lp-norm optimization
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TMS-EEG signatures of facilitated cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation by left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation
Li, W., Li, Y., Cao, D., Qian, Z., Wang, J., & Wang, J. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108560 · Cited by 13
N100 as a response prediction biomarker for accelerated 1 Hz right DLPFC-rTMS in major depression
Sheen, J., Mazza, F., Momi, D., Miron, J., Mansouri, F., Russell, T., Zhou, R., Hyde, M., Fox, L., Voetterl, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.131 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
EEG Functional Connectivity is a Weak Predictor of Causal Brain Interactions
Vink, J. J. T., Klooster, D., Ozdemir, R. A., Westover, M. B., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Shafi, M. M. (2020) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-020-00757-6 · Cited by 14
Intermittent single-joint fatiguing exercise reduces TMS-EEG measures of cortical inhibition
Otieno, L. A., Opie, G. M., Semmler, J. G., Ridding, M. C., & Sidhu, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00628.2018 · Cited by 14
Tensor decomposition of TMS-induced EEG oscillations reveals data-driven profiles of antiepileptic drug effects
Tangwiriyasakul, C., Premoli, I., Spyrou, L., Chin, R., Escudero, J., & Richardson, M. P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53565-9 · Cited by 14
Older Adults Differentially Modulate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Electroencephalography Measures of Cortical Inhibition during Maximal Single-joint Exercise
Opie, G. M., Otieno, L. A., Pourmajidian, M., Semmler, J. G., & Sidhu, S. K. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.022 · Cited by 14
Single-Pulse TMS to the Temporo-Occipital and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Evokes Lateralized Long Latency EEG Responses at the Stimulation Site
Jarczok, T. A., Roebruck, F., Pokorny, L., Biermann, L., Roessner, V., Klein, C., & Bender, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.616667 · Cited by 14
Real-time cortical dynamics during motor inhibition
Casula, E. P., Pezzopane, V., Roncaioli, A., Battaglini, L., Rumiati, R. I., Rothwell, J. C., Rocchi, L., & Koch, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57602-0 · Cited by 14
“Artefact-related components were identified by their scalp distribution, frequency, timing and amplitude, and then removed following previously published indications 69,70 .”
Background
Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Lioumis, P., Zomorrodi, R., Hadas, I., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Blumberger, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/57983 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Phase clustering in transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked EEG responses in genetic generalized epilepsy and migraine
Bauer, P. R., Helling, R. M., Perenboom, M. J. L., Lopes, F. H. D. S., Tolner, E. A., Ferrari, M. D., Sander, J. W. A. S., Visser, G. H., & Kalitzin, S. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.01.029 · Cited by 13
The Sensitivity of Single-Trial Mu-Suppression Detection for Motor Imagery Performance as Compared to Motor Execution and Motor Observation Performance
Xu, K., Huang, Y.-Y., & Duann, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00302 · Cited by 14
Recovery of clinical, cognitive and cortical activity measures following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): A longitudinal investigation
Coyle, H. L., Bailey, N. W., Ponsford, J. L., & Hoy, K. E. (2023) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.009 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Adapted Beamforming: A Robust and Flexible Approach for Removing Various Types of Artifacts from TMS–EEG Data
Metsomaa, J., Song, Y., Mutanen, T. P., Gordon, P. C., Ziemann, U., Zrenner, C., & Hernandez-Pavon, J. C. (2024) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-024-01044-4 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Investigating the Origin of TMS-evoked Brain Potentials Using Topographic Analysis
Šulcová, D., Salatino, A., Ivanoiu, A., & Mouraux, A. (2022) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-022-00917-w · Cited by 12
“Brain Stimulation Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB (2013) Assessing cortical network properties using TMS–EEG. Hum Brain Mapp 34(7):1652–1669 Rogasch NC, Thomson RH, Farzan F, Fitzgibbon BM, Bailey NW, Hernandez-Pavon JC, Fitzgerald PB (2014) Removing artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings using independent component analysis: im…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Comparison of synchrosqueezing transform to alternative methods for time-frequency analysis of TMS-evoked EEG oscillations
Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Xia, X., Niu, Z., Yang, Y., He, J., & Xiaoli Li, A. (2021) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102975 · Cited by 12
Reliability of resting-state EEG modulation by continuous and intermittent theta burst stimulation of the primary motor cortex: a sham-controlled study
Rodionov, A., Ozdemir, R. A., Benwell, C., Fried, P. J., Boucher, P. O., Momi, D., Ross, J. M., Santarnecchi, E., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Shafi, M. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45512-6 · Cited by 11
Identifying neural circuitry abnormalities in neuropathic pain with transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalogram co-registration
Huang, Z., Wang, Y., Yan, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Liu, H., Li, J., Gao, Z., & Che, X. (2024) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2024.e00496 · Cited by 11
“Cortical responses to single pulses could be measured with TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and local/global mean ﬁ led power (LMFP/GMFP) [21,22].”
Influential
Comparison of three ICA algorithms for ocular artifact removal from TMS-EEG recordings
Lyzhko, E., Hamid, L., Makhortykh, S. A., Moliadze, V., & Siniatchkin, M. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7318760 · Cited by 11
Mu rhythm and corticospinal excitability capture two different frames of motor resonance: A TMS–EEG co-registration study
Spaccasassi, C., Zanon, M., Borgomaneri, S., & Avenanti, A. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.019 · Cited by 12
“Then, the TMS artefact was identiﬁed in the time interval between (cid:2) 2 msec and þ 15 msec around TMS pulse onset, and data in that interval were cut and interpolated using a cubic function (Rogasch et al., 2014; Zanon et al., 2018).”
Method
Investigation of neurobiological responses to theta burst stimulation during recovery from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)
Coyle, H. L., Bailey, N. W., Ponsford, J., & Hoy, K. E. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114308 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Classification of Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Controls Based on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Evoked Potentials
Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zhu, L., Ren, H., Dang, G., Su, X., Lan, X., Jiang, X., Zhang, X., Feng, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.804384 · Cited by 10
“A foam layer was placed under the coil to inhibit bone conduction and scalp sensation caused by the vibration of the coil (Rogasch et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
EEG Evoked Potentials to Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Normal Volunteers: Inhibitory TMS EEG Evoked Potentials
Zhou, J. A., Fogarty, A. S., Pfeifer, K. J., Seliger, J., & Fisher, R. S. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22051762 · Cited by 10
Optimal Multichannel Artifact Prediction and Removal for Neural Stimulation and Brain Machine Interfaces
Najafabadi, M. S., Chen, L., Dutta, K., Norris, A., Feng, B., Schnupp, J. W. H., Roßkothen-Kuhl, N., Read, H. L., & Escabı́, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00709 · Cited by 10
Abnormal functional asymmetry and its behavioural correlates in adults with ADHD: A TMS-EEG study
Avnit, A., Zibman, S., Alyagon, U., & Zangen, A. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285086 · Cited by 10
“First, Data of the first 40 ms post-pulse (0 to 40 ms) was discarded, because it contains a massive electrical artefact as well as dominant lateral muscle activation [73].”
Method
Novel personalized treatment strategy for patients with chronic stroke with severe upper-extremity impairment: The first patient of the AVANCER trial
Bigoni, C., Beanato, E., Harquel, S., Hervé, J., Oflar, M., Crema, A., Espinosa, A., Evangelista, G. G., Koch, P., Bonvin, C., et al. (2023) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2023.06.006 · Cited by 9
Faces emotional expressions: from perceptive to motor areas in aged and young subjects
Loi, N., Ginatempo, F., Manca, A., Melis, F., & Deriu, F. (2021) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00328.2021 · Cited by 9
Altered interhemispheric signal propagation in schizophrenia and depression
Hui, J., Zomorrodi, R., Lioumis, P., Ensafi, E., Voineskos, D., Voineskos, A. N., Hadas, I., Rajji, T. K., Blumberger, D. M., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.039 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Changes in Cortical Activation by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Due to Coil Rotation Are Not Attributable to Cranial Muscle Activation
Mancuso, M., Cruciani, A., Sveva, V., Casula, E. P., Brown, K. E., Lazzaro, V. D., Rothwell, J. C., & Rocchi, L. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14040332 · Cited by 8
“A possible way to address this problem is to remove the EMG signal offline with blind source separation techniques, such as independent component analysis (ICA) or signal-space projection with source-informed reconstruction (SSP-SIR) [13,17,18].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Characterising the contribution of auditory and somatosensory inputs to TMS-evoked potentials following stimulation of prefrontal, premotor, and parietal cortex
Biabani, M., Fornito, A., Goldsworthy, M. R., Thompson, S. C. H., Graetz, L. J., Semmler, J. G., Opie, G. M., Bellgrove, M. A., & Rogasch, N. C. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00349 · Cited by 10
“For Experiment A, EEG data were pre-processed adopting the method described in Rogasch et al. (2014, 2017) with custom scripts written in MATLAB (R2020b; The MathWorks, United States) using functions implemented in EEGLAB (Delorme & Makeig, 2004) and TESA ( Rogasch et al., 2017) toolboxes.”
MethodSelf-citation
Motor cortex excitability states in chronic stroke patients probed by EEG-TMS
Brancaccio, A., Tabarelli, D., Baur, D., Rosch, J., Mahmoud, W. J., Ziemann, U., & Belardinelli, P. (2025) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2110747 · Cited by 9
“Data preprocessing was performed using MATLAB (The Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA) custom code partially based on functions of the open-source toolboxes EEGLAB and TESA (Delorme and Makeig, 2004, Rogasch et al., 2014).”
Intensity- and timing-dependent modulation of motion perception with transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual cortex
Gamboa, O. L., Palmer, H., Dannhauer, M., Hile, C., Liu, S., Hamdan, R., Brito, A., Cabeza, R. E. L., Davis, S. W., Peterchev, A. V., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107581 · Cited by 8
Frontal Eye Field Involvement in Color and Motion Feature-Based Attention: Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Chen, X., Jin, J., Fang, X., Liu, Z., & Yin, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00390 · Cited by 8
Spectral Power in Marmoset Frontal Motor Cortex during Natural Locomotor Behavior
Tia, B., Takemi, M., Kosugi, A., Castagnola, E., Ricci, D., Ushiba, J., Fadiga, L., & Iriki, A. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa275 · Cited by 8
“The periods including large amplitude artifacts, which are problematic for accurate independent component analysis (ICA) decomposition, were removed from each epoch (Rogasch et al. 2014), and we kept epochs longer than 100 ms for further analysis.”
Method
When neuromodulation met control theory
Guidotti, R., Basti, A., Pieramico, G., D’Andrea, A., Makkinayeri, S., Pettorruso, M., Roine, T., Ziemann, U., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Romani, G. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad9958 · Cited by 8
“This problem has been addressed for off-line analysis in TMS [143, 144] and tES [145, 146], and recently algorithms have been developed for closed-loop applications since the removal of these artifactual components must be performed in real-time [147, 148].”
The Supplementary Motor Area as a Flexible Hub Mediating Behavioral and Neuroplastic Changes in Motor Sequence Learning: A TMS and TMS-EEG Study
Chen, J., Fan, Y., Jia, X., Fan, F., Wang, J., Zou, Q., Chen, B., Che, X., & Lv, Y. (2025) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-025-01375-7 · Cited by 7
“TMS-evoked scalp muscle activity and decay artifacts were removed in the first round of FastICA [53], followed by the application of a band-pass (1 Hz–100 Hz, order = 4) and a band-stop (48 Hz–52 Hz, order = 4) Butterworth filter.”
Concurrent TMS-EEG to characterize cortical responses in the motor and prefrontal cortices in Parkinson's disease
Zhu, L., Cai, M., Pei, Z., Shi, X., Dang, G., Lan, X., Luo, X., Che, X., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00577 · Cited by 7
“Tworoundsofindependentcomponentanalysis(ICA)wereperformed using a semi-automatic componentclassi ﬁ cation algorithm[34].”
Characterizing cortical responses to short-term multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatment in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography study
Pei, G., Liu, X., Huang, Q., Shi, Z., Wang, L., Suo, D., Funahashi, S., Wu, J., Zhang, J., & Fang, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1045073 · Cited by 7
Optimizing the identification of long-interval intracortical inhibition from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Takano, M., Wada, M., Nakajima, S., Taniguchi, K., Honda, S., Mimura, Y., Kitahata, R., Zomorrodi, R., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., et al. (2024) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2024.10.018 · Cited by 7
“However, it has been shown that TMS-evoked responses tend to spread not only to the stimulation site but also to the whole brain, especially in the LICI paradigm, where the responses propagate beyond the stimulation site and hemisphere to the whole central region (Rogasch et al., 2014).”
Self-citation
Evaluation of algorithms for correction of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced artifacts in electroencephalograms
Vafidis, P., Kimiskidis, V. Κ., & Kugiumtzis, D. (2019) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-019-02053-3 · Cited by 7
“analysis (ICA) [15, 27, 41] and principal component analysis (PCA) [11, 32, 45], and the so-called signal-space projection [34, 35].”
Method
Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked potentials to detect the effects of theta-burst stimulation of the prefrontal cortex
Moffa, A. H., Nikolin, S., Martin, D. M., Loo, C. K. A., & Boonstra, T. W. (2022) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100115 · Cited by 12
“…interaction with the electrode-skin interface (Veniero et al., 2009) and cables (Sekiguchi et al., 2011), or caused by the tail of muscle activity (Rogasch et al., 2014), in particular, due to the activation of cranial and facial muscles from a more lateralised stimulation site like F3 (Huang…”
Investigation of Spatiotemporal Profiles of Single-Pulse TMS-Evoked Potentials with Active Stimulation Compared with a Novel Sham Condition
Takano, M., Wada, M., Zomorrodi, R., Taniguchi, K., Li, X., Honda, S., Tobari, Y., Mimura, Y., Nakajima, S., Kitahata, R., et al. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12100814 · Cited by 7
“These confounding factors could be suppressed to some extent by using noise-masking methods [20,22–24], foam layers [22–24], and some analysis applications [19].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The spatiotemporal evolution of TMS-evoked potentials reflects direct cortical activationPreprint
Fecchio, M., Russo, S., Couto, B. A., Mikulan, E., Pigorini, A., Furregoni, G., Hassan, G., D’Ambrosio, S., Solbiati, M., Viganò, A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.25.661535 · Cited by 7
Exploration of Theta Burst-Induced Modulation of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Evoked Potentials Over the Motor Cortex
Carrette, S., Vonck, K. E. J., Klooster, D., Raedt, R., Carrette, E., Delbeke, J., Wadman, W. J., Casarotto, S., Massimini, M., & Boon, P. (2024) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.04.007 · Cited by 6
Utilization of Single-Pulse Transcranial-Evoked Potentials in Neurological and Psychiatric Clinical Practice: A Narrative Review
Fogel, H., Zifman, N., & Hallett, M. (2024) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint16060106 · Cited by 6
“TMS potentials evoked by single-pulse stimulations (TEPs) appear as a complex waveform composed of a series of negative and positive peaks and notches at specific latencies that have been consistently characterized, namely N15, P30, N45, P60, N100, P180, and N280 [3,12–15].”
Brain Oscillatory Modes as a Proxy of Stroke Recovery
Harquel, S., Cadic‐Melchior, A., Morishita, T., Fleury, L., Ceroni, M., Menoud, P., Brügger, J., Beanato, E., Meyer, N. H., Evangelista, G. G., et al. (2025) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683251363241 · Cited by 6
Cerebello-cortical inhibition underlies the effects of cerebellar magnetic stimulation on spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: A randomized controlled trial
Chen, Y., Zhou, J., Hu, Z., Jin, Y., Tan, B., Wang, Y., Sha, Y., Cai, Q., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2025) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2025.09.020 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Neurophysiological impact of theta burst stimulation followed by cognitive exercise in treatment of youth depression
Dhami, P., Lee, J. C., Schwartzmann, B., Knyahnytska, Y., Atluri, S., Christie, G. J., Croarkin, P. E., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, Z. J., Moreno, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100439 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Automatic sleep spindles identification and classification with multitapers and convolution
Zapata, I. A., Wen, P. P., Jones, E. B. G., Fjaagesund, S., & Li, Y. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad159 · Cited by 6

Authors: Rogasch, N. C., Thomson, R. H., Farzan, F., Fitzgibbon, B. M., Bailey, N. W., Hernandez-Pavon, J. C., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Fitzgerald, P. B.
Affiliations: The Alfred Hospital (AU)
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
Aalto University (FI)
Corresponding author: Rogasch, Nigel C.
ORCID: Rogasch, Nigel C.
Thomson, Richard H.
Farzan, Faranak
Fitzgibbon, Bernadette M.
Bailey, Neil W.
Hernandez-Pavon, Julio C.
Daskalakis, Zafiris J.
Fitzgerald, Paul B.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-11
Volume: 101
Pages: 425-439
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.037
OpenAlex: W1969040087
Cited by: 309
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 7.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
BrainsWay
National Health and Medical Research Council
National Medical Research Council
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Signal Processing › Blind Source Separation Techniques
Keywords: TMS-EEG, artifact removal, independent component analysis, TMS-evoked potentials, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, auditory evoked potentials, FastICA, EEG signal processing
MeSH terms: Adult, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Cortex, Artifacts, Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Young Adult

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Removing artefacts from TMS-EEG recordings using independent component analysis: Importance for assessing prefrontal and motor cortex network properties

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