Cited by 654Medical Image Segmentation TechniquesDomain Adaptation and Few-Shot LearningRetinal Imaging and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 43 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Quicksilver: Fast predictive image registration – A deep learning approach

Open access

Abstract

This paper introduces Quicksilver, a fast deformable image registration method. Quicksilver registration for image-pairs works by patch-wise prediction of a deformation model based directly on image appearance. A deep encoder-decoder network is used as the prediction model. While the prediction strategy is general, we focus on predictions for the Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping (LDDMM) model. Specifically, we predict the momentum-parameterization of LDDMM, which facilitates a patch-wise prediction strategy while maintaining the theoretical properties of LDDMM, such as guaranteed diffeomorphic mappings for sufficiently strong regularization. We also provide a probabilistic version of our prediction network which can be sampled during the testing time to calculate uncertainties in the predicted deformations. Finally, we introduce a new correction network which greatly increases the prediction accuracy of an already existing prediction network. We show experimental results for uni-modal atlas-to-image as well as uni-/multi-modal image-to-image registrations. These experiments demonstrate that our method accurately predicts registrations obtained by numerical optimization, is very fast, achieves state-of-the-art registration results on four standard validation datasets, and can jointly learn an image similarity measure. Quicksilver is freely available as an open-source software.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Quicksilver is a deep-learning registration method that predicts the initial momentum of LDDMM shooting patch-by-patch from moving/target image patches, with optional Bayesian uncertainty and a correction network. It achieves registration accuracy close to numerical LDDMM optimization on several brain MRI datasets while running much faster.

Key findings

  • Predicting the initial momentum gave better atlas-to-image accuracy than predicting initial velocity or displacement; momentum and velocity networks produced positive Jacobian determinants in all tested cases, whereas direct displacement prediction did not guarantee diffeomorphic maps.
  • On the four Klein et al. validation datasets, the prediction+correction model (LPC) approached numerical LDDMM optimization (LO): paired TOST indicated LPC was statistically equivalent to LO within a 2% relative threshold on all four datasets, and label overlap was top-tier with few outliers.
  • Runtime for a 229×193×193 volume: LDDMM optimization took about 10.8 minutes, while Quicksilver prediction took 7.63 s plus 8.9 s for shooting, totaling 18.43 s, a roughly 35× speedup; adding the correction network doubled time but remained an order of magnitude faster than optimization. Patch pruning and stride 14 reduced the number of predicted patches by 99.995% for such volumes.
  • Multimodal T1w–T2w prediction reduced deformation error relative to affine registration and was only slightly worse than the T1w–T1w upper bound; training with only 10 images (90 registration pairs) still worked with a small performance drop. Bayesian sampling produced uncertainty maps with high values near ventricles and large deformations.

Methods

  • The method uses the LDDMM shooting formulation and trains a deep encoder-decoder network to predict vector-valued initial momentum from paired 15×15×15 patches of moving and target images. Whole-image prediction uses a sliding window with stride 14 and patch pruning, followed by LDDMM shooting to generate deformations.
  • Data: atlas-to-image used 150 OASIS images (100 training, 50 testing); image-to-image used 373 OASIS images for training and tested on LPBA40, IBSR18, MGH10, and CUMC12, totaling 2,168 test registrations; multimodal used the IBIS 3D dataset with 375 T1w/T2w images (359 training, 16 testing, 250 test cases). A correction network was trained sequentially on the residual between ground-truth and predicted momentum; a probabilistic version used dropout (probability 0.2) and Monte Carlo sampling.
  • Evaluation included voxel-wise deformation error percentiles, Jacobian determinant positivity, LDDMM energy, target overlap of labels, paired t-tests, paired TOST equivalence tests, and runtime/multi-GPU scaling.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the 15×15×15 patch receptive field limits prediction of very large deformations; OASIS training data had only 0.2% of voxels with deformations above 10 mm, so large deformations were underrepresented. Outliers with inconsistent anatomy can cause extreme optimization deformations that prediction may not match, though the conservative prediction can also avoid implausible warps.
  • The correction network doubles runtime, and applying correction multiple times can produce more drastic deformations and numerical instability; 12 LPP cases in LPBA40 failed LDDMM shooting due to integration problems. Patch pruning may not transfer to parametric models if parameter locality is not guaranteed, and multi-GPU scaling is limited by communication overhead and PyTorch’s beta-stage performance.
  • Evident from the text: validation is restricted to brain MRI with a specific LDDMM regularizer and SSD similarity, so generalization to other organs, modalities, or registration models is not demonstrated.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.008

Cites

77 of 77 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 43 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

Show all 84 claims

  • It may state two separate claims as one. 46
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 22
63 of 63
  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A set of LDDMM parameters obtained by numerical optimization already exists and yields good registration results.

    “We assume that we already have a set of LDDMM parameters which result in good registration results.”
  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The local variance of deformation fields generated from multiple dropout samples provides an uncertainty estimate of the predicted deformation field.

    “The local variance of these deformation fields can then be used as an uncertainty estimate of the predicted deformation field.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Image-to-image test total does not match the dataset counts

    Minor

    The four listed dataset counts sum to 2,088 registrations, not 2,168.

    Reported 2168 · recomputed 2088

  • Multimodal test-pair count is inconsistent with 16 images

    Minor

    Pairwise directed registrations among 16 images yield 16 × 15 = 240 distinct-image cases, not 250.

    Reported 250 · recomputed 240

  • Multimodal training-set size changes from 359 to 365

    Minor

    The dataset split explicitly assigns 359 images to training, but the later description calls the training set 365 images.

  • Reported prediction runtime exceeds its stated components

    Minor

    The stated prediction and shooting times add to 16.53 seconds, rather than the reported total of 18.43 seconds.

    Reported 18.43 · recomputed 16.53

4 of 4

Citations

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Metadata

Authors
Yang, X., Kwitt, R., Styner, M., & Niethammer, M.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • University of Salzburg (AT)
Corresponding author
Yang, Xiao
Venue
NeuroImage
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-09
Volume
158
Pages
378-396
ISSN
1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2604920239
Cited by
630
References
94
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 7
FWCI
26.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • NeuroImage (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • NIH (1 R41 NS091792-01, HDO55741)
  • NSF (ECCS-1148870, EECS-1711776)
  • National Science Foundation Major Research Instrumentation program (ACI-1429830)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Keywords
deformable image registration, LDDMM, encoder-decoder architecture, multimodal image registration, image similarity measures, diffeomorphic registration
MeSH terms
Machine Learning, Algorithms, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Imaging, Three-Dimensional

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