The will to persevere Induced by electrical stimulation of the human cingulate gyrus

SE is designed to direct the attention of the person to internal sensations that facilitate biological completion of thwarted responses, thus leading to resolution of the trauma response and the creation of new interoceptive experiences of agency and mastery.

“SE is designed to direct the attention of the person to internal sensations that facilitate biological completion of thwarted responses, thus leading to resolution of the trauma response and the creation of new interoceptive experiences of agency and mastery (Parvizi et al., 2013).”

The authors' review of extant data shows that stimulation of the OFC and ACC elicits a variety of conscious changes in basic affective state and complex emotional experience, which have been replicated across tens of patients in recent years.

“Our review of the extant data shows that stimulation of these regions elicits a variety of conscious changes in basic affective state and also complex emotional experience, which have been replicated across tens of patients in recent years (Selimbeyoglu and Parvizi, 2010;Parvizi et al., 2013;Fox et al., 2018b;Rao et al., 2018;Yih et al., 2019).”

ACC stimulation is associated with a will to persevere through difficulties, so its reduced activity could decrease personal agency and contribute to heightened suggestibility as well as the ability to dissociate from distress and pain that are characteristic of hypnosis.

“Furthermore, ACC stimulation is associated with a”

Patients are eloquent and determined reporters of even nuanced and complex iES-elicited effects, greatly mitigating concern over false negatives.

“Many striking case studies have demonstrated, however, that patients are eloquent and determined reporters of even nuanced and complex iES-elicited effects (e.g., Blanke et al., 2002;Desmurget et al., 2009;Parvizi et al., 2013), greatly mitigating the concern over false negatives.”

Parvizi et al. (2013) applied iES to the anterior midcingulate cortex in 2 patients, producing complex, high-level effects on conscious experience.

“In a recent study, Parvizi et al. (2013) applied iES to the anterior midcingulate cortex in 2 patients, producing complex, high-level effects on conscious experience.”

Stimulation in both patients elicited an intense feeling of perseverance in the face of an imminent challenge.

“Stimulation in both patients elicited an intense feeling of perseverance in the face of an imminent challenge.”

Relatively rare but nonetheless reliable effects can be elicited from the ACC and OFC.

“As we have shown, relatively rare, but nonetheless reliable, effects can be elicited from such regions, including the ACC (Talairach et al., 1973;Parvizi et al., 2013;Yih et al., 2019) and OFC”

dACC activation is associated with appraisal and expression of fear and pain, as well as a sense of personal agency or will to persevere.

“This is consistent with previous work showing that dACC activation is associated with appraisal and expression of fear and pain (Etkin et al. 2011), as well as a sense of personal agency or will to persevere (Parvizi et al. 2013).”