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Microglial Phagocytosis of Newborn Cells Is Induced by Endocannabinoids and Sculpts Sex Differences in Juvenile Rat Social Play
Open accessAbstract
Brain sex differences are established developmentally and generate enduring changes in circuitry and behavior. Steroid-mediated masculinization of the rat amygdala during perinatal development produces higher levels of juvenile rough-and-tumble play by males. This sex difference in social play is highly conserved across mammals, yet the mechanisms by which it is established are unknown. Here, we report that androgen-induced increases in endocannabinoid tone promote microglia phagocytosis during a critical period of amygdala development. Phagocytic microglia engulf more viable newborn cells in males; in females, less phagocytosis allows more astrocytes to survive to the juvenile age. Blocking complement-dependent phagocytosis in males increases astrocyte survival and prevents masculinization of play. Moreover, increased astrocyte density in the juvenile amygdala reduces neuronal excitation during play. These findings highlight novel mechanisms of brain development whereby endocannabinoids induce microglia phagocytosis to regulate newborn astrocyte number and shape the sexual differentiation of social circuitry and behavior. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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“Similarly, blocking testosterone by using an androgen receptor antagonist in females treated with testosterone completely prevents these effects (VanRyzin et al., 2019).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as VanRyzin et al., 2019
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“Lower astrocyte density in the MeA is correlated for male-typical levels of play (VanRyzin et al., 2019).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as VanRyzin et al., 2019
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“If females are treated with CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists to “mimic” the higher endocannabinoid levels, their newborn cell number and eventual play behavior is masculinized, even in the absence of testosterone (Argue et al., 2017; VanRyzin et al., 2019).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as VanRyzin et al., 2019
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“Studies investigating the neural underpinnings of this behavioral sex difference have identified various nodes within the larger circuitry of social behavior, including the medial amygdala (VanRyzin et al., 2019) and lateral septum (Bredewold et al., 2014), which exert sex-specific influences on play following sexual differentiation early in life as part of typical brain development.”
From Social play experience in juvenile rats is indispensable for appropriate socio-sexual behavior in adulthood in males but not females (2023) · cites this paper as VanRyzin et al., 2019
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Metadata
- Authors
- VanRyzin, J. W., Marquardt, A. E., Argue, K. J., Vecchiarelli, H. A., Ashton, S. E., Arambula, S. E., Hill, M. N., & McCarthy, M. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- McCarthy, Margaret M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 435-449.e6
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8046232
- OpenAlex
- W2918315099
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 19.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2022-04-06)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01MH52716, R01DA039062)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- CIHR
- Alberta Innovates
- BranchOut Neurological Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- microglial phagocytosis, endocannabinoids, sex differences, social play, rough-and-tumble play, amygdala development, masculinization, androgens, astrocyte survival, neuronal excitation, social behavior, sexual differentiation of the brain
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Androgen Antagonists, Androgens, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Arachidonic Acids, Astrocytes, Behavior, Animal, Cell Survival, Complement System Proteins, Female, Flutamide, Glycerides, Male, Phagocytosis, Play and Playthings, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, Testosterone, Microglia, Rats, Polyunsaturated Alkamides, Endocannabinoids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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