Prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal postnatal nicotine dependence and adolescent risk for nicotine dependence: Birth cohort study
Open accessAbstract
Aims The goals of this study are to determine if there is (a) a threshold effect for prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) on adolescent risk for nicotine dependence, and (b) an additive effect of PTE and maternal postnatal nicotine dependence on adolescent risk for nicotine dependence. Methods Pregnant women were recruited in their 4th or 5th gestational month and asked about cigarette use during the first trimester. Mothers reported on third trimester cigarette use at delivery. Sixteen years post-partum, mothers and offspring reported on current levels of cigarette use (N=784). Nicotine dependence was assessed in both using a modified Fagerström questionnaire. Results Based on the results of a threshold analysis for PTE, four groups were created: threshold PTE only (10+ cigarettes per day), maternal nicotine postnatal dependence with no-low PTE (0-<10 cigarettes per day), threshold PTE+maternal postnatal nicotine dependence, and a referent group with no-low PTE and no maternal postnatal nicotine dependence. Adolescents in the PTE-only group and the PTE+maternal postnatal nicotine dependence group were significantly more likely to be at risk for nicotine dependence than the offspring from the referent group. However, there was no evidence for an additive effect of maternal postnatal nicotine dependence, and maternal nicotine dependence was not a significant predictor of adolescent risk for nicotine dependence in regression models including prenatal tobacco exposure. Conclusions Bivariate analysis revealed a threshold effect for PTE of 10 cigarettes per day. In multivariate analysis, PTE remained significantly related to risk for offspring nicotine dependence, after controlling for maternal postnatal nicotine dependence and other covariates associated with adolescent cigarette use.
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Prenatal maternal smoking is associated with long-term adverse effects extending into childhood and adolescence, including increased risk for ADHD, obesity, schizophrenia, and adolescent substance abuse and dependence.
“Prenatal maternal smoking has also been associated with long-term adverse effects that extend into childhood and adolescence such as an increased risk for ADHD, obesity, schizophrenia, and adolescent substance abuse and dependence (Figure 1)”
From Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The Results (sections 3.2–3.3; page unavailable) associate prenatal tobacco exposure of at least 10 cigarettes per day with adolescent risk for nicotine dependence. The Introduction also discusses possible attention and behavior problems, but the paper does not establish ADHD, obesity, schizophrenia, or substance abuse and dependence beyond nicotine as outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOffspring of mothers that smoked 10 cigarettes per day during their first or third trimester were at a statistically elevated risk for nicotine dependence compared to non-exposed counterparts.
“the researchers found that offspring of mothers that smoked 10 cigarettes per day during their first or third trimester were at a statistically elevated risk for nicotine dependence as compared to their non-exposed counterparts [10].”
From Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The Results (§3.2 Bivariate analysis; page unavailable) report significantly elevated adolescent risk for nicotine dependence when mothers smoked at least 10 cigarettes daily in either the first or third trimester. The statistical comparison was with adolescents exposed to fewer than 10 cigarettes daily or not exposed, rather than with non-exposed adolescents alone. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnimal studies have demonstrated that adolescents exposed to PN have an increased risk of dependence and misuse of drugs that activate the brain reward pathways.
“Animal studies have also demonstrated that adolescents exposed to PN have an increased risk of dependence and misuse of drugs that activate the brain reward pathways [10].”
From Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The Introduction (page not provided) reports that prenatally tobacco-exposed rodents respond differently to nicotine administration and withdrawal during adolescence. It does not say animal studies demonstrated increased dependence or misuse of drugs that activate brain reward pathways; the paper’s own findings concern nicotine-dependence risk in a human birth cohort. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdolescents exposed to lower PTE had a similar nicotine dependence risk as non-exposed adolescents.
“Further, the results indicated that adolescents that were exposed to lower PTE had a similar ND risk as non-exposed adolescents [10].”
From Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
PTE remained significantly related to risk for offspring nicotine dependence after controlling for other covariates associated with adolescent cigarette use and maternal postnatal nicotine dependence.
“Their multivariate analysis also found that PTE remained significantly related to risk for offspring nicotine dependence after controlling for other covariates associated with adolescent cigarette use and maternal postnatal nicotine dependence [10].”
From Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- De Genna, N. M., Goldschmidt, L., Day, N. L., & Cornelius, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 128-132
- ISSN
- 0892-0362 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5453833
- OpenAlex
- W2590266639
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurotoxicology and Teratology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AA022473, AA06390, AA08284, DA037209, DA03874, DA09275)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- prenatal tobacco exposure, threshold effects, additive effects, smoking during pregnancy, birth cohort
- MeSH terms
- Cigarette Smoking, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Female, Humans, Mothers, Pennsylvania, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, Cohort Studies, Young Adult
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