The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury: Past Experience and Current Developments
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we review past and current experience in clinical trials of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), we discuss limitations and challenges, and we summarize current directions. The focus is on severe and moderate TBIs. A systematic literature search of the years from 1980 to 2009 revealed 27 large phase III trials in TBI; we were aware of a further 6 unpublished trials. Analysis of these 33 trials yielded interesting observations: There was a peak incidence of trial initiations that occurred in the mid-1990s with a sharp decline during the period from 2000 to 2004. Most trials that reported a significant treatment effect were studies on a therapeutic strategy (e.g., decompressive craniectomy, hypothermia), and these were single-center studies. Increasingly, studies have been shifting toward the Far East. The currently existing trial registries permit insight into ongoing or recently conducted trials. Compared with the past decade, the number of studies on neuroprotective agents taken forward into efficacy-oriented studies is low. In contrast, the number of studies on therapeutic strategies appears to be increasing again. The disappointing results in trials on neuroprotective agents in TBI have led to a critical reappraisal of clinical trial methodology. This has resulted in recommendations for preclinical workup and has triggered extensive analysis on approaches to improve the design and analysis of clinical trials in TBI. An interagency initiative toward standardization on selection and coding of data elements across the broad spectrum of TBI is ongoing, and will facilitate comparison of research findings across studies and encourage high-quality meta-analysis of individual patient data in the future.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Despite preclinical studies providing evidence for successful pharmacologic intervention, more than 30 phase-III clinical trials have failed to improve secondary injury outcome measures after TBI (35–37).”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults
Maas, A. I., Stocchetti, N., & Bullock, R. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70164-9 · Cited by 2,123
Self-citationThe Incidence and Economic Burden of Injuries in the United States
Finkelstein, E. A., Corso, P. S., & Miller, T. R. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179484.001.0001 · Cited by 936
Clinical trials in head injury
Narayan, R. K., Michel, M. E., Ansell, B., Baethmann, A., Biegon, A., Bracken, M. B., Bullock, M. R., Choi, S. C., Clifton, G. L., Contant, C. F., et al. (2002) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771502753754037 · Cited by 913
Self-citationPrevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury
Robertson, C. S., Valadka, A. B., Hannay, H. J., Contant, C. F., Gopinath, S. P., Cormio, M., Uzura, M., & Grossman, R. G. (1999) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199910000-00002 · Cited by 748
Progressive hemorrhage after head trauma: predictors and consequences of the evolving injury
Oertel, M. F., Kelly, D. F., McArthur, D. A., Boscardin, W. J., Glenn, T. C., Lee, J. H., Gravori, T., Obukhov, D., McBride, D. Q., & Martin, N. A. (2002) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2002.96.1.0109 · Cited by 482
Xiao, G., Wei, J., Yan, W., Wang, W., & Lu, Z. (2008) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc6887 · Cited by 463
Cooper, D. J., Myles, P. S., McDermott, F. T., Murray, L., Laidlaw, J. D., Cooper, G., Tremayne, A. B., Bernard, S., Ponsford, J. L., & For the HTS Study Investigators For the HTS Study Investigators (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.11.1350 · Cited by 461
Prognosis and Clinical Trial Design in Traumatic Brain Injury: The IMPACT Study
Maas, A., Marmarou, A., Murray, G., Teasdale, G., & Steyerberg, E. (2007) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.0024 · Cited by 366
Self-citationA multicenter trial on the efficacy of using tirilazad mesylate in cases of head injury
Marshall, L. F., Maas, A. I. R., Marshall, S. B., Bricolo, A., Fearnside, M. R., Iannotti, F., Klauber, M. R., Lagarrigue, J., Lobato, R., Persson, L., et al. (1998) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1998.89.4.0519 · Cited by 336
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Maas, 1999, Why have recent trials of neuroprotective agents in head injury failed to show convincing efficacy?, Neurosurgery, 44, 1286
- Gaab, 1994, “Ultrahigh” dexamethasone in acute brain injury, Zentralbl Neurochir, 55, 135
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–289 of 289
Wyck, D. V., Kolls, B. J., Wang, H., Cantillana, V., Maughan, M., & Laskowitz, D. T. (2022) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-022-06417-4 · Cited by 6
“Although many interventions have been evaluated for this purpose, over 30 phase III prospective clinical trials evaluating various therapies have failed to reach their primary endpoints (Narayan et al. 2002; Schouten 2007; Maas et al. 2010; Chakraborty et al. 2016; Loane et al. 2015; Davenport 2016).”
BackgroundIntracranial Drug Delivery for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Macdonald, R. L., Leung, M. S., & Tice, T. (2011) · Therapeutic Delivery · doi:10.4155/tde.11.124 · Cited by 6
Morganti-Kossmann, C., Raghupathi, R., & Maas, A. I. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139030564.002 · Cited by 6
Self-citationJoffe, A. R., Bara, M., Anton, N. R., & Nobis, N. (2016) · Alternatives to Laboratory Animals · doi:10.1177/026119291604400407 · Cited by 6
Yang, A.-B., & Liu, B. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109538 · Cited by 5
Alternative Clinical Trial Design in Neurocritical Care
Lazaridis, C., Maas, A. I. R., Souter, M. J., Martin, R. H., Chesnut, R. M., DeSantis, S. M., Sung, G. Y., LeRoux, P. D., & Suárez, J. I. (2015) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-015-0135-8 · Cited by 5
“among others [3–6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe past and present of Drosophila models of traumatic brain injury
Aggarwal, P., Thapliyal, D., & Sarkar, S. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109533 · Cited by 5
Non-mammalian Animal Models Offer New Perspectives on the Treatment of TBI
Ganetzky, B., & Wassarman, D. (2016) · Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40141-016-0107-8 · Cited by 3
Pathological Roles of Astrocytes in Traumatic Brain Injury
Wu, D., Ma, Y., Wang, B., Zheng, Y., Ren, J., Sun, Q., Bian, L., & Sun, Y. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.70856 · Cited by 4
“To date, no effective neuroprotective pharmacological therapy has been successfully translated to the clinic, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies [11].”
Yuan, H., Tian, Y., Jiang, R., Wang, Y., Nie, M., Li, X., He, Y., Liu, X., Zhao, R., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2022.0147 · Cited by 4
“8,9 14 And many of the drugs that cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are the ones needed by patients hospitalized with brain injury.”
Kiên, N. T., Le, T. D., Le, M. D., Tran, T. V., Pham, C. V., Dang, B. V., Nguyen, S. T., Nguyen, T. C., Nguyen, H. Q., Vu, A. T., et al. (2024) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121241260006 · Cited by 4
“21 Several studies have shown a cascade of chemical mediators released during the first and second day after injury such as interleukin-1 β , 22 interleukin-6, 23 and TGF-β .”
BackgroundKobeissy, F. H., Ahmad, F. A., Shaito, A. A., Hasan, H. A., Hady, S. A., Nasrallah, L., Shaito, N., Hassan, H. H., Zibara, K., Yadikar, H., et al. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816346-7.00029-4 · Cited by 4
Salik, I., Vazquez, S. M., Syal, A., Das, A., Sacknovitz, A., Spirollari, E., Dominguez, J. F., Wecksell, M. B., Stewart, D., & Pisapia, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics · doi:10.3171/2023.1.peds22525 · Cited by 4
Pavlichenko, M., & Lafrenaye, A. D. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11061682 · Cited by 2
Waltzman, D., Daugherty, J., Peterson, A. B., & Lumba‐Brown, A. (2024) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2024.2352524 · Cited by 4
“Additionally, previous literature (including clinical trials) that categorize individuals with TBI using these standard severity scales have demonstrated limited utility in terms of stratifying TBI patients for effective treatments (6,7).”
Faller, C. J., Kursancew, A. C. S., Brandão, B., Duarte, N. G., Noetzold, J. T., Studnicka, N., Mathias, K., Petronilho, F. C., STRECK, E. L., & Generoso, J. S. (2025) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-025-01658-y · Cited by 4
“These mechanisms lead to neuronal cell death, as well as cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure (ICP), which can further aggravate brain injury (Oertel et al. 2005 ; Maas et al. 2010).”
Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension
Starke, R. M., Komotar, R. J., & Connolly, E. S. (2017) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neuros/nyx234 · Cited by 4
7000 Miles and 7 Days From the Battlefield
McNeill, M. M. (2010) · AACN Advanced Critical Care · doi:10.1097/nci.0b013e3181e59f8e · Cited by 4
“In human clinical trials, the evidence that supports this practice is mounting, but has been designated as class III evidence by the Brain Trauma Foundation.(11) Single-center trials have shown improved neurologic outcomes, but recently a multicenter trial was stopped because interim analysis indicated no benefit was…”
BackgroundInfluentialBathke, A. C., Friedrich, S., Konietschke, F., Pauly, M., Staffen, W., Strobl, N., & Höller, Y. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.09004 · Cited by 4
“…after TBI is per definitionem multidimensional, including neuro-physical disabilities and disturbances in mental functioning, the IMPACT recommendations (Maas et al., 2010) “see a need to explore the feasibility of developing a multidimensional approach to outcome assessment and classification”.”
BackgroundYu, Q., Dong, S., Nie, M., Tian, Y., Liu, M., Liu, X., Jiang, W., Yuan, J., Gao, C., Lei, P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0375 · Cited by 3
“3,30,31 An increasing number of studies have reported that activating AT2R exhibits a protective effect in both cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic stroke, 14 hypertension, 32 and myocardial infarction.”
Practical pearls for management of cranial injury in the developing world
Detchou, D. K. E., Darko, K., & Barrie, U. (2024) · Neurosurgical review · doi:10.1007/s10143-024-02822-1 · Cited by 3
“The Benchmark Evidence from South American Trials: Treatment of Intracranial Pressure (BEST Trip) trial is a prime example of the need to tailor protocols to local conditions [15–19].”
Orešković, D., Raguž, M., Almahariq, F., Dlaka, D., Romić, D., Marčinković, P., Kaštelančić, A., & Chudy, D. (2019) · Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1697777 · Cited by 3
Cederberg, D., Harrington, B. M., Vlok, A. J., & Siesjö, P. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06275-z · Cited by 3
Salah, K. B. H., Al-Quwaie, D. A. H., Binothma, N., Aljadani, M., Mansoury, M. M. S., Alsubhi, N. H., Alrefaei, G. I., Bayoumi, A. A., Ibrahim, M. M., & Khattab, H. A. H. (2022) · Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/tjpr.v22i2.10 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, there is need to understand the exact pathological mechanism involved in neuronal damage in order to evolve rational neuroprotective strategies [2].”
BackgroundLow-value clinical practices in adult traumatic brain injury: an umbrella review protocol
Tardif, P., Moore, L., Lauzier, F., Farhat, I., Archambault, P. M., Lamontagne, F., Chassé, M., Stelfox, H. T., Gabbe, B. J., Lecky, F. E., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031747 · Cited by 3
“5 Intervention and treatment options for TBI are multiple, but many lack robust evidence of their effectiveness.(6) 7 Low-value clinical practices, defined as a test or procedure that is not supported by evidence and/or could expose patients to unnecessary harm consume up to 30% of healthcare budgets.”
BackgroundMesenchymal Stromal Cells to Treat Brain Injury
Ciara, C., & Casey, C. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/31260 · Cited by 3
“Numerous pharmacological treatments that seemed promising in animal models have failed in clinical trials (Maas et al., 2010; O’Collins et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLangerak, A. J., van der Gun, G. J., Meskers, C. G. M., Bussmann, J. B. J., van Wegen, E. E. H., Kwakkel, G., & Selles, R. W. (2025) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683251369467 · Cited by 2
“…outcome analysis method can significantly influence statistical power and sample size requirements without affecting recruitment efficiency 10,12 ; for example, adjustment for differences in baseline value of the primary outcome variable is highly recommended to improve prognostic imbalances…”
Neuroglia in traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting
Suk, K. (2026) · Brain Network Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.bnd.2026.03.002 · Cited by 2
The NCX1 calcium exchanger is implicated in delayed axotomy after peripheral nerve stretch injury
Wilhelmy, B. E., Gerzanich, V., Simard, J. M., & Stokum, J. A. (2024) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/jns.12663 · Cited by 2
Rao, K. V. R., Mclean, V., Wilder, D. M., Dahal, S., Kattuparambil, M., Long, J. B., & Sajja, V. S. (2025) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115375 · Cited by 1
Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells Aid the Injured Brain Through Trophic Support Mechanisms
Tate, C. C., & Case, C. C. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2828-8_26 · Cited by 2
“Numerous pharmacological treatments that seemed promising in animal models have failed in clinical trials (Maas et al., 2010; O’Collins et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInternational multicenter studies of treatment of severe traumatic brain injury
Talypov, A. E., Kordonskiy, A., & Krylov, V. V. (2016) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201611611113-121 · Cited by 2
The Future of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury
Hersh, D. S., Ansel, B. M., & Eisenberg, H. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89477-5_19 · Cited by 2
Al-Shudifat, A. R., Kahlon, B., Abdulqader, S. A. B., Almutairi, W., Alsumali, K., Aldhfyan, Y. M., & Al-Abdallat, L. (2021) · Open Access Emergency Medicine · doi:10.2147/oaem.s288262 · Cited by 2
Decompressive Craniectomy for Severe TBI
Miller, C. A., Coughlin, D. J., & Bell, R. S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40208-6_19 · Cited by 1
Temkin, N. R., Barber, J. K., Machamer, J., Boase, K., Hwang, P. H., Bodien, Y. G., Giacino, J. T., McCrea, M., Nelson, L. D., Manley, G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1177/08977151251405878 · Cited by 1
Self-citationNeuroglial Response to High‐Amplitude, Short‐Duration Pressure Transients in Monoculture
Jenkins, J. L., Rasiah, P. K., Hardenburger, J., Adams, W. R., Mahadevan-Jansen, A. M., Millis, B., & Jansen, D. (2026) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.70231 · Cited by 1
“Currently, no drug‐based treatments for TBIs have passed FDA clinical trials [8].”
Management of Moderate and Severe TBI
Marshall, S. A., Bell, R. S., Armonda, R. A., & Ling, G. S. F. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-87887-4_4 · Cited by 1
Therapeutic Hypothermia in Brain Trauma Injury: Controversies
Alvis-Miranda, H. R., Alcalá‐Cerra, G., Rubiano, A. M., Ramirez, O., & Moscote‐Salazar, L. R. (2014) · Romanian Neurosurgery · doi:10.2478/romneu-2014-0035 · Cited by 1
Perfluorocarbon Emulsion Therapy Attenuates Pneumococcal Infection in Sickle Cell Mice
Helmi, N. M., Andrew, P. W., & Pandya, H. C. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu653 · Cited by 1
“[17].”
Introduction—scope of the problem
Okonkwo, D. O., & Yue, J. K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816346-7.00001-4 · Cited by 1
A Preview of Selected Articles
Atkinson, S. P. (2018) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/sctm.18-0241 · Cited by 1
Effect of hydrogen sulfide on PC12 cell injury induced by high ATP concentration
Yang, K., Luo, H., Liu, Y., Ren, Y., Guo, M., Wang, B., Yang, C.-H., & Li, D. (2022) · Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/tjpr.v21i2.10 · Cited by 1
Sandroff, B. M., Weber, E., Wylie, G. R., Wender, C. L. A., Goverover, Y., Lercher, K., Tong, T. T., Robinson, B., Moore, N. B., Salter, A. R., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107331 · Cited by 1
Engineering optimization of decompressive craniectomy based on finite element simulations
Hazay, M., Nagy, E., Tóth, P., Büki, A., & Bojtár, I. (2020) · Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics · doi:10.37190/abb-01689-2020-03 · Cited by 1
Decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: The intensivist's point of view
Andériz, F. O., Rascón-Ramírez, F. J., Fuentes, M. E., Pardo-Rey, C., Bollada, M. B., Hernández, C. P., García‐González, I., González, M. Á., & Blesa-Malpica, A. (2021) · Neurocirugía (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.neucie.2021.02.002 · Cited by 1
Menacho, S., & Hawryluk, G. (2021) · Journal of clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2021.03.025 · Cited by 1
Traumatic Brain Injury and Intracranial Hypertension
McCullagh, I., & Andrews, P. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118297162.ch3 · Cited by 1
Chen, J., Wang, X., HU, J. L., Huang, W., Dordoe, C., Guo, K., Han, F., Guo, R., Ye, S., Du, J., et al. (2019) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.19529/v1 · Cited by 1
“Discussion TBI is associated with a range of postinjury complaints, and there are currently no fully effective therapies for most of these symptoms [3, 40, 41].”
BackgroundDesign and analysis of clinical trialsin TBI
Roozenbeek, B., & Maas, A. I. R. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139030564.017
Self-citationLei, J., Gao, G., & Jiang, J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010679.pub2
Naloxone for improving mortality and neurological outcomes following acute traumatic brain injury
Lei, J., Gao, G., & Jiang, J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010679
Genetics in experimental traumatic brain injury
Nimer, F. A. (2012) · Figshare
Neuroinflammatory Alterations via CD-36 in Traumatic Brain Injury
Hernandez‐Ontiveros, D. G. (2015) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Carlson, S. W. (2013) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Impact of genetic variability on early immune reactions following nerve injury
Lindblom, R. P. F. (2013) · Figshare
Severe Head Trauma and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Lewis, M. D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8503-2_114-1
“The use of neuroimaging as a method of classification (Maas et al. 2010) and the duration of loss of consciousness (LOC), posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), and other concussion symptoms are examples (Hayden et al.”
MethodIMPROVING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY OUTCOMES THROUGH GENE THERAPY AND EXERCISE
Taylor, J. M. (2015) · KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas)
Oxidative stress in experimental traumatic brain injury
Günther, M. (2015) · Figshare
Roquilly, A., & Asehnoune, K. (2014) · Annales Françaises d Anesthésie et de Réanimation · doi:10.1016/j.annfar.2013.11.025
“Malheureusement, à ce jour, aucun traitement n’a montré d’amélioration substantielle du devenir des patients [6].”
BackgroundClinical Trials for Traumatic Brain Injury: Designs and Challenges
Lü, J., & Gormley, M. A. (2018) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8564-7_22
Kumar, R. G. (2018) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Interleukin 33 Initiates CNS Inflammation Following Traumatic Injury
Gadani, S. P. (2016) · doi:10.18130/v3xw3s
Tümör Nekroz Faktörü Alfa Blokeri Adalimumabın Deneysel Beyin Hasarında Etkileri
Günal, M., Çankaya, Ş., Tonuk, S. B., Ozdemir, E., & Şakul, A. A. S. (2019) · Acta Medica Alanya · doi:10.30565/medalanya.632455
A Preview of Selected Articles
Atkinson, S. P. (2017) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/sctm.17-0254
Craniectomías descompresivas en el traumatismo craneoencefálico: la visión del intensivista
Andériz, F. O., Rascón-Ramírez, F. J., Fuentes, M. E., Pardo-Rey, C., Bollada, M. B., Hernández, C. P., García‐González, I., González, M. Á., & Blesa-Malpica, A. (2020) · Neurocirugía · doi:10.1016/j.neucir.2020.11.001
Hickey, M. A. (2020) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
(2011) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0b013e32834585d6
Pharmacological Neuroprotection
Marklund, N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39383-0_56
Management of Moderate and Severe TBI
Ling, G. S. F., Marshall, S. A., Bell, R. S., & Armonda, R. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22436-3_4
Severe Head Trauma and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Lewis, M. D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_114
Dietrich, W. D., & Bramlett, H. M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0434-1.00058-x
Dietrich, W. D. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.725846368.793539004
Theranostic Nanomaterials for Brain Injury
Miller, H. A., & Kievit, F. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11409-0_8
Bagley, L. J., & Stein, J. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45746-3_2
Nguyễn, Đ. H., Đỗ, N. S., Nguyễn, V. H., & Nguyễn, Đ. P. (2024) · Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam · doi:10.51298/vmj.v539i1.9697
Neuronal Survival after Traumatic Brain Injury: Cardiolipin-a Critical Target
Ji, J. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Cederberg, D., Harrington, B. M., Vlok, A. J., & Siesjö, P. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19642150
Singh, M. P., Singh, S., Raghav, A., Verma, P. K., & SINGH, S. (2026) · Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences · doi:10.23736/s0390-5616.25.06391-x
Fitzgerald, E., Garside, T., Donaldson, L., & Delaney, A. P. (2026) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2026.101557
Beniwal, S. S., da Costa, R. E. A. R., Mwaanga, C., ÇELİK, E. Ö., Rebello, D., Dahiya, P., & Mishra, A. (2026) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000005152
The Trx1–ATM–PPP Axis in traumatic brain injury: Redox regulation and neuroprotective perspectives
Mei, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Liu, J. (2024) · Trauma and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.46439/trauma.2.008
Th17 cells and IL-17A in traumatic brain injury: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives
Guo, X., Wang, J., Zhu, S., Sun, B., Tian, L., Li, M., Feng, S., & Sun, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1850719
“However, based on prior experience from TBI clinical trials, successful clinical translation is likely to depend on careful optimization of treatment windows, dosing strategies, and patient strati fi cation (153).”
AbouEich, H. K., Izadi, A., Lifshitz, J., Olson, D. E., & Gurkoff, G. G. (2026) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1177/08977151261495030
Abdullayev, Z., Mammadbayli, A., & Mehdiyev, E. S. (2026) · NATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY · doi:10.61788/njn.v1i29.01
“Although primary brain injury occurs at the time of trauma, secondary pathophysiological processes may evolve over time and contribute to persistent neurological impairment [6].”
Efficient analysis of ordinal data from clinical trials in head injury
McHugh, G. S. (2012) · ERA
Pharmacological Neuroprotection in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Marklund, N. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28126-6_50
Metadata
- Authors
- Maas, A. I. R., Roozenbeek, B., & Manley, G. T.
- Affiliations
- Antwerp University Hospital (BE)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maas, Andrew I.R.
- Venue
- Neurotherapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 115-126
- ISSN
- 1878-7479 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5084118
- OpenAlex
- W2112462557
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurotherapeutics (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, clinical trials, neuroprotective agents, decompressive craniectomy, therapeutic hypothermia, clinical trial registries, clinical trial design, data element standardization, individual patient data meta-analysis
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
