CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,123Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchTrauma and Emergency Care Studies

Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults

Maas, Andrew IR, Stocchetti, Nino, Bullock, Ross·2008·The Lancet Neurology
DOI 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70164-9
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem that affects all societies. In recent years, patterns of injury have been changing, with more injuries, particularly contusions, occurring in older patients. Blast injuries have been identified as a novel entity with specific characteristics. Traditional approaches to the classification of clinical severity are the subject of debate owing to the widespread policy of early sedation and ventilation in more severely injured patients, and are being supplemented with structural and functional neuroimaging. Basic science research has greatly advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in secondary damage, creating opportunities for medical intervention and targeted therapies; however, translating this research into patient benefit remains a challenge. Clinical management has become much more structured and evidence based since the publication of guidelines covering many aspects of care. In this Review, we summarise new developments and current knowledge and controversies, focusing on moderate and severe TBI in adults. Suggestions are provided for the way forward, with an emphasis on epidemiological monitoring, trauma organisation, and approaches to management.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70164-9

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Secondary damage develops hours and days after the primary damage, but is not necessarily dependent on the primary injury itself.

    “Secondary damage develops hours and days after the primary damage, but is not necessarily dependent on the primary injury itself.”

    From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [3]

  • Primary damage occurs as a result of the physical and mechanical forces of brain injury and includes brain contusion, hemorrhage, hematoma, and axonal injury.

    “Primary damage occurs as a result of the physical and mechanical forces of brain injury and includes brain contusion, hemorrhage, hematoma, and axonal injury (3).”

    From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [3]

  • Secondary injury cascades can act concurrently and synergize to influence outcome.

    “In other words, secondary injury cascades can act concurrently and synergize to influence outcome (3).”

    From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [3]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Maas, A. I., Stocchetti, N., & Bullock, R.
Affiliations
  • Antwerp University Hospital (BE)
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • University of Miami (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Lancet Neurology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008-08
Volume
7
Issue
8
Pages
728-741
ISSN
1474-4422 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70164-9
OpenAlex
W2067448822
Cited by
2,123
References
7
Citations by year
2026: 52 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 124 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 179 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 148 · 2017: 177 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 173 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 108 · 2012: 109
FWCI
7.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • The Lancet Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Defense
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS042691, NS 042691)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, moderate to severe TBI, adults, blast injury, bruising, disease severity classification, mechanical ventilation, neuroimaging, clinical management guidelines
MeSH terms
Adult, Brain Injuries, Humans, Guidelines as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review