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Immortalized human myoblast cell lines for the delivery of therapeutic proteins using encapsulated cell technology

Lathuiliere, Aurelien, Vernet, Remi, Charrier, Emily, Urwyler, Muriel, Von Rohr, Olivier, Belkouch, Marie-Claude, Saingier, Valentin, Bouvarel, Thomas, Guillarme, Davy, Engel, Adrien, Salmon, Patrick, Laumonier, Thomas, Grogg, Julien, Mach, Nicolas·2022·Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development
DOI 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.017PMC PMC9418741
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Graphical abstract CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 1 Primary human myoblasts are efficiently immortalized after transduction with lentiviruses encoding for CDK4 and hTERT (A) Primary myoblast cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding the CDK4 and hTERT proteins. Primary and immortalized myoblasts were maintained in culture and proliferation was quantified by determination of population doubling. Each dot represents the mean of two cell counts. (B) Human immortalized myoblasts were expanded and cell differentiation was promoted by removing growth factors from the culture medium. The expression levels of MEF2 and MyHC proteins were quantified by in vitro immunofluorescence to assess the myogenic differentiation process. The image is representative of at least seven images from one biologically independent experiment. Scale bar, 50 μm.
Figure 1 Primary human myoblasts are efficiently immortalized after transduction with lentiviruses encoding for CDK4 and hTERT (A) Primary myoblast cells were transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding the CDK4 and hTERT proteins. Primary and immortalized myoblasts were maintained in culture and proliferation was quantified by determination of population doubling. Each dot represents the mean of two cell counts. (B) Human immortalized myoblasts were expanded and cell differentiation was promoted by removing growth factors from the culture medium. The expression levels of MEF2 and MyHC proteins were quantified by in vitro immunofluorescence to assess the myogenic differentiation process. The image is representative of at least seven images from one biologically independent experiment. Scale bar, 50 μm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Individual immortalized clones demonstrate preserved myogenic characteristics (A) Individual clones were sorted from the immortalized myoblast cell population using single-cell cloning. The proliferation rate of nine selected clones was quantified by determination of population doubling. Each dot represents the mean of two cell counts. (B) Flow cytometry gating strategy to define the percentage of cells expressing myogenic markers (CD56+ CD82+ CD146+). (C) Individual immortalized clones were expanded and cell differentiation was promoted by removing growth factors from the culture medium. The expression levels of MEF2 and MyHC proteins were quantified by in vitro immunofluorescence to assess the myogenic differentiation process. (D) The fusion index was calculated on approximately 200 cells for each individual clone. The immunofluorescence images are representative of at least five images from one biologically independent experiment. Data and errors bars represent mean ± SD from at least five pictures from one independent experiment. The fusion index of each clone was compared with the immortalized population P10 with a one-way ANOVA test. Scale bar, 50 μm.
Figure 2 Individual immortalized clones demonstrate preserved myogenic characteristics (A) Individual clones were sorted from the immortalized myoblast cell population using single-cell cloning. The proliferation rate of nine selected clones was quantified by determination of population doubling. Each dot represents the mean of two cell counts. (B) Flow cytometry gating strategy to define the percentage of cells expressing myogenic markers (CD56+ CD82+ CD146+). (C) Individual immortalized clones were expanded and cell differentiation was promoted by removing growth factors from the culture medium. The expression levels of MEF2 and MyHC proteins were quantified by in vitro immunofluorescence to assess the myogenic differentiation process. (D) The fusion index was calculated on approximately 200 cells for each individual clone. The immunofluorescence images are representative of at least five images from one biologically independent experiment. Data and errors bars represent mean ± SD from at least five pictures from one independent experiment. The fusion index of each clone was compared with the immortalized population P10 with a one-way ANOVA test. Scale bar, 50 μm.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Selected immortalized clones can be efficiently transduced for the expression of functional cytokines: example of human GM-CSF (A) Clone no. 2 (parental population) was transduced with lentivirus for the expression of human GM-CSF. Individual clones were then sorted by flow cytometry single-cell sorting and a clone was selected for its huGM-CSF production. The huGM-CSF clone was maintained in culture and proliferation was quantified by determination of population doubling. Each dot represents the mean of two cell counts. (B) Flow cytometry gating strategy to define the percentage of cells expressing myogenic markers (CD56+ CD82+ CD146+). (C) The huGM-CSF clone was expanded and cell differentiation was promoted by removing growth factors from the culture medium. The expression levels of MEF2 and MyHC proteins were quantified by in vitro immunofluorescence to assess the myogenic differentiation process. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) The fusion index was calculated on around 200 cells. The immunofluorescence images are representative of at least five images from one biologically independent experiment. Data and errors bars represent mean ± SD from at least seven pictures from one independent experiment. The fusion index was compared by a two-tailed unpaired t test. (E) The huGM-CSF secretion by the parental population or by the huGM-CSF clone was quantified by ELISA. Data and error bars represent mean ± SD of n = 2. Lines represent a linear regression, two-way ANOVA with repeated measure. For group effect p = 0.027. No significant effect of time (p = 0.0732). (F) The potency assay for the secreted GM-CSF was evaluated by the LanthaScreen STAT5 TF-1 cellular assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Potency capacity was directly correlated with the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) and was determined with a 10-point titration curve. Recombinant GM-CSF was used as a positive control. Data and error bars represent mean ± SD of two experiments.
Figure 3 Selected immortalized clones can be efficiently transduced for the expression of functional cytokines: example of human GM-CSF (A) Clone no. 2 (parental population) was transduced with lentivirus for the expression of human GM-CSF. Individual clones were then sorted by flow cytometry single-cell sorting and a clone was selected for its huGM-CSF production. The huGM-CSF clone was maintained in culture and proliferation was quantified by determination of population doubling. Each dot represents the mean of two cell counts. (B) Flow cytometry gating strategy to define the percentage of cells expressing myogenic markers (CD56+ CD82+ CD146+). (C) The huGM-CSF clone was expanded and cell differentiation was promoted by removing growth factors from the culture medium. The expression levels of MEF2 and MyHC proteins were quantified by in vitro immunofluorescence to assess the myogenic differentiation process. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) The fusion index was calculated on around 200 cells. The immunofluorescence images are representative of at least five images from one biologically independent experiment. Data and errors bars represent mean ± SD from at least seven pictures from one independent experiment. The fusion index was compared by a two-tailed unpaired t test. (E) The huGM-CSF secretion by the parental population or by the huGM-CSF clone was quantified by ELISA. Data and error bars represent mean ± SD of n = 2. Lines represent a linear regression, two-way ANOVA with repeated measure. For group effect p = 0.027. No significant effect of time (p = 0.0732). (F) The potency assay for the secreted GM-CSF was evaluated by the LanthaScreen STAT5 TF-1 cellular assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Potency capacity was directly correlated with the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) and was determined with a 10-point titration curve. Recombinant GM-CSF was used as a positive control. Data and error bars represent mean ± SD of two experiments.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 In vitro evaluation of encapsulated myoblasts as a delivery system (A) Scheme of the MyoPod capsule depicting the various device components. The huGM-CSF-secreting myoblast clone was encapsulated and kept in culture. Capsules were fixed and processed for histological analysis. Qualitative assessment of survival was then performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. (B) After 1 week in vitro viable cells were organized in a tissue with aligned nuclei (the right panel is the magnified delimited area). Arrowhead shows aligned nuclei. Arrows point to the yarn that is used as a supporting matrix. Asterisks show the semipermeable membrane. (C) After 3 weeks in vitro, similar observations were made, suggesting a sustained cell survival over time. (D) The huGM-CSF clone was encapsulated and kept in culture for up to 2 years. Regularly (each day during the first week, each 2 weeks, and then each 3 weeks), a 2-h release assessment was performed to evaluate huGM-CSF secretion quantified by ELISA. This experiment used n = 7 capsules. The line represents a linear regression with slope not different from zero, p = 0.0996.
Figure 4 In vitro evaluation of encapsulated myoblasts as a delivery system (A) Scheme of the MyoPod capsule depicting the various device components. The huGM-CSF-secreting myoblast clone was encapsulated and kept in culture. Capsules were fixed and processed for histological analysis. Qualitative assessment of survival was then performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. (B) After 1 week in vitro viable cells were organized in a tissue with aligned nuclei (the right panel is the magnified delimited area). Arrowhead shows aligned nuclei. Arrows point to the yarn that is used as a supporting matrix. Asterisks show the semipermeable membrane. (C) After 3 weeks in vitro, similar observations were made, suggesting a sustained cell survival over time. (D) The huGM-CSF clone was encapsulated and kept in culture for up to 2 years. Regularly (each day during the first week, each 2 weeks, and then each 3 weeks), a 2-h release assessment was performed to evaluate huGM-CSF secretion quantified by ELISA. This experiment used n = 7 capsules. The line represents a linear regression with slope not different from zero, p = 0.0996.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 In vivo delivery of huGM-CSF The huGM-CSF-secreting clone was encapsulated. Capsules were implanted into Rag2/IL2rg−/− mice and kept for 1 or 3 weeks in the mice. (A) Histological section of the device after 1 week implantation in the mouse subcutaneous tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrates cell survival inside the MyoPod device. (B) After 3 weeks in vivo, numerous viable myoblastic cells are observed in the inner device chamber (arrowhead). A limited cellular infiltrate is observed in the surrounding subcutaneous tissue (arrow). The asterisk depicts the semipermeable membrane. (C) Capsules were then explanted and, the day after the explantation, a 2-h release was performed to evaluate huGM-CSF secretion quantified by ELISA. One-way ANOVA of n = 2–6 replicates. (D) Serum samples were isolated from implanted mice to quantify huGM-CSF levels. N = 4-5. (E) Evaluation of huGM-CSF secretion by encapsulated cells implanted in an ex vivo human skin model. Each bar represents mean ± SD of n = 3 replicates per time point per condition. (F) Capsules were frozen into liquid nitrogen and, after thawing, huGM-CSF secretion was evaluated by ELISA. Each dot represents mean ± SD of n = 72 replicates.
Figure 5 In vivo delivery of huGM-CSF The huGM-CSF-secreting clone was encapsulated. Capsules were implanted into Rag2/IL2rg−/− mice and kept for 1 or 3 weeks in the mice. (A) Histological section of the device after 1 week implantation in the mouse subcutaneous tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrates cell survival inside the MyoPod device. (B) After 3 weeks in vivo, numerous viable myoblastic cells are observed in the inner device chamber (arrowhead). A limited cellular infiltrate is observed in the surrounding subcutaneous tissue (arrow). The asterisk depicts the semipermeable membrane. (C) Capsules were then explanted and, the day after the explantation, a 2-h release was performed to evaluate huGM-CSF secretion quantified by ELISA. One-way ANOVA of n = 2–6 replicates. (D) Serum samples were isolated from implanted mice to quantify huGM-CSF levels. N = 4-5. (E) Evaluation of huGM-CSF secretion by encapsulated cells implanted in an ex vivo human skin model. Each bar represents mean ± SD of n = 3 replicates per time point per condition. (F) Capsules were frozen into liquid nitrogen and, after thawing, huGM-CSF secretion was evaluated by ELISA. Each dot represents mean ± SD of n = 72 replicates.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Novel immortalized myoblasts can be used for the continuous delivery of complex therapeutic macromolecules with preserved functionality (A) Human anti-CD20-expressing myoblasts were encapsulated and kept in culture for up to 40 weeks. Repeated quantification of anti-CD20 levels was performed by ELISA during the course of the experiment. Each point represents the mean of two technical replicates. The line represents a linear regression with a slope not different from zero, p = 0.7246. (B) The specific binding between human anti-CD20 produced by myoblasts and human CD20 was evaluated by a flow cytometry competition assay. Human PBMCs were pre-incubated with different concentrations of either the myoblast-produced anti-CD20 IgG or commercial rituximab and then incubated with a fluorescent-tagged anti-CD20 antibody. The percentage of cells expressing CD20 was then assessed. (C) The functionality of human anti-CD20 produced by myoblasts was evaluated by an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. A mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell line expressing CD20 (JeKo-1) pre-exposed to either rituximab or myoblast-produced anti-CD20 were co-cultured with PBMCs for 4 h. The upregulation of the degranulation marker CD107a expression was evaluated on NK cells (CD56+ CD3−, CD14− CD19−) by flow cytometry. (D) The anti-CD20-secreting myoblast cells were encapsulated, implanted into Rag2/IL2rg−/− mice, and kept for 5 months in the mice. Human anti-CD20 was quantified in the mouse serum over the course of the experiment. N = 5. (E) Human anti-CTLA-4-expressing myoblasts were encapsulated and kept in culture for 15 weeks. Repeated quantification of anti-CTLA-4 levels was performed by ELISA during the course of the experiment. Each point represents the mean of six technical replicates. The line represents linear regression with a slope not different from zero, p = 0.8791. (F) The CTLA-4 blockade assay was performed using myoblast-produced supernatant containing anti-CTLA-4. The blockade capacity was directly correlated with the EC50 and determined with an eight-point titration curve. Each point represents the mean ± SD of two technical replicates. (G) RPLC-FL chromatograms of intact commercial ipilimumab and reduced ipilimumab (inset), as well as culture medium, supernatant from wild-type immortalized myoblast cells, supernatant for anti-CTLA4-expressing myoblasts. Time windows for peaks integration were highlighted in purple, red, and blue. Analytical conditions are described in the materials and methods.
Figure 6 Novel immortalized myoblasts can be used for the continuous delivery of complex therapeutic macromolecules with preserved functionality (A) Human anti-CD20-expressing myoblasts were encapsulated and kept in culture for up to 40 weeks. Repeated quantification of anti-CD20 levels was performed by ELISA during the course of the experiment. Each point represents the mean of two technical replicates. The line represents a linear regression with a slope not different from zero, p = 0.7246. (B) The specific binding between human anti-CD20 produced by myoblasts and human CD20 was evaluated by a flow cytometry competition assay. Human PBMCs were pre-incubated with different concentrations of either the myoblast-produced anti-CD20 IgG or commercial rituximab and then incubated with a fluorescent-tagged anti-CD20 antibody. The percentage of cells expressing CD20 was then assessed. (C) The functionality of human anti-CD20 produced by myoblasts was evaluated by an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. A mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell line expressing CD20 (JeKo-1) pre-exposed to either rituximab or myoblast-produced anti-CD20 were co-cultured with PBMCs for 4 h. The upregulation of the degranulation marker CD107a expression was evaluated on NK cells (CD56+ CD3−, CD14− CD19−) by flow cytometry. (D) The anti-CD20-secreting myoblast cells were encapsulated, implanted into Rag2/IL2rg−/− mice, and kept for 5 months in the mice. Human anti-CD20 was quantified in the mouse serum over the course of the experiment. N = 5. (E) Human anti-CTLA-4-expressing myoblasts were encapsulated and kept in culture for 15 weeks. Repeated quantification of anti-CTLA-4 levels was performed by ELISA during the course of the experiment. Each point represents the mean of six technical replicates. The line represents linear regression with a slope not different from zero, p = 0.8791. (F) The CTLA-4 blockade assay was performed using myoblast-produced supernatant containing anti-CTLA-4. The blockade capacity was directly correlated with the EC50 and determined with an eight-point titration curve. Each point represents the mean ± SD of two technical replicates. (G) RPLC-FL chromatograms of intact commercial ipilimumab and reduced ipilimumab (inset), as well as culture medium, supernatant from wild-type immortalized myoblast cells, supernatant for anti-CTLA4-expressing myoblasts. Time windows for peaks integration were highlighted in purple, red, and blue. Analytical conditions are described in the materials and methods.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Lathuiliere, A., Vernet, R., Charrier, E., Urwyler, M., Von Rohr, O., Belkouch, M.-C., Saingier, V., Bouvarel, T., Guillarme, D., Engel, A., Salmon, P., Laumonier, T., Grogg, J., & Mach, N.
ORCID
Lathuiliere, Aurelien
Venue
Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-09
Volume
26
Pages
441-458
ISSN
2329-0501
DOI
10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.017
PMC
PMC9418741
Cited by
14
References
3
Language
en
Update notices
erratum (2023-12-14)
Licence

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Immortalized human myoblast cell lines for the delivery of therapeutic proteins using encapsulated cell technology. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.017
The paper
Lathuiliere, A., Vernet, R., Charrier, E., Urwyler, M., Von Rohr, O., Belkouch, M.-C., Saingier, V., Bouvarel, T., Guillarme, D., Engel, A., Salmon, P., Laumonier, T., Grogg, J., & Mach, N. (2022). Immortalized human myoblast cell lines for the delivery of therapeutic proteins using encapsulated cell technology. Molecular Therapy - Methods & Clinical Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.017