The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 21 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials
Open accessAbstract
Objective To describe risk factors for scar in eyes treated with ranibizumab or bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Prospective cohort study within a randomized clinical trial. Participants Patients with no scar on color fundus photography (CFP) or fluorescein angiography (FA) at enrollment in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). Methods Eyes were assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab treatment and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens for 2 years. Masked readers assessed CFP and FA. Baseline demographic characteristics, visual acuity, morphologic features on photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and genotypes associated with AMD risk were evaluated as risk factors using adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Scars were classified as fibrotic with well-demarcated elevated mounds of yellowish white tissue or nonfibrotic with discrete flat areas of hyperpigmentation with varying amounts of central depigmentation. Main outcome measures Scar formation. Results Scar developed in 480 of 1059 eyes (45.3%) by 2 years. Baseline characteristics associated with greater risk of scarring were predominantly classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (aHR, 3.1; CI, 2.4-3.9) versus occult CNV, blocked fluorescence (aHR, 1.4; CI, 1.1-1.8), foveal retinal thickness >212 μm (aHR, 2.4; CI, 1.7-3.6) versus <120 μm, foveal subretinal tissue complex thickness >275 μm (aHR, 2.4; CI, 1.7-3.6) versus ≤75 μm, foveal subretinal fluid (aHR, 1.5; CI, 1.1-2.0) versus no subretinal fluid, and subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) (aHR, 1.7; CI, 1.3-2.3) versus no SHRM. Eyes with elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium had lower risk (aHR, 0.6; CI, 0.5-0.8) versus no elevation. Drug, dosing regimen, and genotype had no statistically significant association with scarring. Fibrotic scars developed in 24.7% of eyes, and nonfibrotic scars developed in 20.6% of eyes. Baseline risk factors for the scar types were similar except that eyes with larger lesion size or visual acuity <20/40 were more likely to develop fibrotic scars. Conclusions Approximately half of eyes enrolled in CATT developed scar by 2 years. Eyes with classic neovascularization, a thicker retina, and more fluid or material under the foveal center of the retina are more likely to develop scar.
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Claims the paper makes
57 Own result · 8 No full text of the sources · 8 Own interpretation · 2 Supported so far · 2 Sources not found · 2 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a previous CATT report, we described a strong association between decreased visual acuity at the end of 1 year and the presence of intraretinal fluid but not subretinal or sub-RPE fluid on OCT.1”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Jaffe, 2013, Macular morphology and visual acuity in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology source
The Results (Correlation of Morphology with VA; page not supplied) report substantially worse visual acuity at 52 weeks in eyes with intraretinal fluid. They report little impact on mean visual acuity from subretinal or sub-RPE fluid at that time, matching the attributed finding. (LLM, conf=0.91)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Paradoxically, in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy treated with anti-VEGF injections, there is increased fibrosis caused by imbalances between connective tissue growth factor and VEGF.32,33”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [32] Van Geest, 2012, A shift in the balance of vascular endothelial growth factor and connective tissue growth factor by bevacizumab causes the angiofibrotic switch in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, Br J Ophthalmol source
The Discussion reports increased fibrosis after intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. It also states that anti-VEGF therapy shifts the CTGF/VEGF ratio, potentially causing an angiofibrotic switch and accelerated fibrosis. No page number is provided in the copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Kuiper, 2006, Association of connective tissue growth factor with fibrosis in vitreoretinal disorders in the human eye, Arch Ophthalmol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The cumulative incidence rates of fibrotic scar at 1 and 2 years were 0.19 (95% CI, 0.17–0.22) and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.24–0.29), respectively.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plainn = 262- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Risk was greater for eyes with SHRM (aHR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3–2.3)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) (aHR, 1.7; CI, 1.3–2.3) versus no SHRM”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 1,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At the end of 1 year, 339 eyes (32.0%) had developed a scar”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plainn = 339- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The cumulative incidence rates of nonfibrotic scar at 1 and 2 years were 0.13 (95% CI, 0.11–0.15) and 0.24 (95% CI, 0.21–0.27), respectively.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plainn = 218- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Eyes with predominantly classic CNV on FA (aHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.4–3.9) and minimally classic CNV on FA (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8–3.0) had higher risk when compared with eyes with only occult CNV.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“predominantly classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (aHR, 3.1; CI, 2.4–3.9) versus occult CNV”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 1,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At the end of 2 years, 218 subjects (20.6%) developed nonfibrotic scar”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“nonfibrotic scars developed in 20.6% of eyes.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plainn = 218- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Risk of scarring increased with greater subretinal tissue complex thickness (P < 0.0001).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Eyes with retinal thickness at the foveal center >212 μm on OCT (aHR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7–3.6) or retinal thickness between 120 and 212 μm (aHR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.3) had higher risk than eyes with retinal thickness <120 μm.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“foveal retinal thickness >212 μm (aHR, 2.4; CI, 1.7–3.6) versus <120 μm”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 1,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The cumulative incidence rates of nonfibrotic scar at 1 and 2 years were 0.13 (95% CI, 0.11–0.15) and 0.24 (95% CI, 0.21–0.27), respectively.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Eyes with subretinal fluid in the foveal center had higher risk compared with eyes with no subretinal fluid (aHR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.0).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“foveal subretinal fluid (aHR, 1.5; CI, 1.1–2.0) versus no subretinal fluid”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 1,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At the end of 2 years of anti-VEGF therapy, 262 patients (24.7%) developed fibrotic scar”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Fibrotic scars developed in 24.7% of eyes”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plainn = 262- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
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In the paper
“The CNV lesions with blocked fluorescence had a higher risk when compared with CNV lesions without blocked fluorescence (aHR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.8).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“blocked fluorescence (aHR, 1.4; CI, 1.1–1.8)”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“for the dosing regimens, PRN compared with monthly (aHR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.8–1.1).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“less for eyes with RPE elevation (aHR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5–0.8).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Eyes with elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium had lower risk (aHR, 0.6; CI, 0.5–0.8) versus no elevation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 1,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eyes with predominantly classic CNV on FA (aHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.4–3.9) and minimally classic CNV on FA (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8–3.0) had higher risk when compared with eyes with only occult CNV.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“foveal subretinal tissue complex thickness >275 μm (aHR, 2.4; CI, 1.7–3.6) versus ≤75 μm”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 1,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“after 2 years of anti-VEGF therapy, 480 eyes (45.3%) had developed a scar.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Scar developed in 480 of 1059 eyes (45.3%) by 2 years.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plainn = 480- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence rates of fibrotic scar at 1 and 2 years were 0.19 (95% CI, 0.17–0.22) and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.24–0.29), respectively.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The frequency of scar development was similar for the 2 anti-VEGF drugs, bevacizumab compared with ranibizumab (aHR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.96–1.4)”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Eyes with retinal thickness at the foveal center >212 μm on OCT (aHR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.7–3.6) or retinal thickness between 120 and 212 μm (aHR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.3) had higher risk than eyes with retinal thickness <120 μm.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There was no significant relationship between scar development and the 5 SNPs that were evaluated.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Presence of a scar in the fellow eye at baseline did not substantially increase the risk of scarring in the study eye.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plainn = 133- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We did not find an association between scar and genotypes for 5 SNPs (complement factor H, age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2, high temperature requirement factor A1, complement component 3, and toll-like receptor 3) that are known to have strong associations with the development of AMD.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
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In the paper
“Adjusting for age, sex, and smoking habits did not alter these results (Table 7).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Some of the factors identified for the combined group of scars were not significantly associated with the risk of nonfibrotic scars alone (Table 6, italics).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our study found that visual acuity was lowest in eyes that developed fibrotic scar involving the foveal center.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We identified baseline characteristics that predicted scar formation: classic CNV, blocked fluorescence on FA, increased retinal thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Thus, it is surprising that subretinal fluid is independently associated with scar formation by the end of 2 years because scar was also associated with decreased visual acuity at 2 years.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the hazard ratios were in the same direction (i.e., >1.00 or <1.00) as the hazard ratios for fibrotic scars.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sub-RPE fluid was less common in eyes with fibrotic scar (20.7%) and nonfibrotic scar (25.9%) than in eyes with no scar at the foveal center (41.9%; P < 0.001).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We identified baseline characteristics that predicted scar formation: classic CNV, blocked fluorescence on FA, increased retinal thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In the present study, we found that SHRM was associated with scar formation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Angiographic characteristics, such as the classic CNV phenotype, blocked fluorescence, and larger CNV lesions at baseline, and OCT characteristics, such as greater retinal thickness and subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM, predict increased risk of scar formation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Angiographic characteristics, such as the classic CNV phenotype, blocked fluorescence, and larger CNV lesions at baseline, and OCT characteristics, such as greater retinal thickness and subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM, predict increased risk of scar formation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intraretinal fluid at the foveal center was more common in eyes with fibrotic scar (65%) than in eyes with nonfibrotic scars or no scar (46.3% and 48.1%, respectively; P < 0.0001).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In our study, we did not see a significant association of RAP with scar after adjusting for other factors”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“although the univariate analysis (Table 1, available at http://aaojournal.org) showed that eyes with RAP at baseline developed fewer scars when compared with eyes that did not have RAP.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worse initial visual acuity and larger lesion size were associated with increased risk of fibrotic scars compared with eyes without any scarring.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the factors identified for the combined group of fibrotic and nonfibrotic scars were identified as risk factors for fibrotic scars alone”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was minimal association between a scar of either type and drug or treatment regimen.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A stepwise analysis also failed to show a significant interaction among the number of risk alleles present.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified baseline characteristics that predicted scar formation: classic CNV, blocked fluorescence on FA, increased retinal thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The type of CNV, as determined by FA at baseline, predicted scar formation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified baseline characteristics that predicted scar formation: classic CNV, blocked fluorescence on FA, increased retinal thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“However, blocked fluorescence, defined as blockage of fluorescence that was not associated with pigment or hemorrhage, was a strong baseline predictor of scar formation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified baseline characteristics that predicted scar formation: classic CNV, blocked fluorescence on FA, increased retinal thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Angiographic characteristics, such as the classic CNV phenotype, blocked fluorescence, and larger CNV lesions at baseline, and OCT characteristics, such as greater retinal thickness and subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and SHRM, predict increased risk of scar formation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disciform scar implies a disc-shaped, circular fibrotic scar,17–19 an appearance that was rarely seen on CATT photographic images after 1 or 2 years of anti-VEGF therapy.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Furthermore, as noted earlier, large disciform scars were rarely seen after 2 years anti-VEGF therapy in CATT.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, hemorrhage was not associated with the development of scar in CATT.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worse initial visual acuity and larger lesion size were associated with increased risk of fibrotic scars compared with eyes without any scarring.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subretinal fluid was less common in eyes with fibrotic scar (24%) than in eyes with nonfibrotic or no scar (46.3% and 38.8%, respectively; P < 0.004).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, commonly described AMD genotypes were not associated with increased risk of scarring.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“We did not find an association between scar and genotypes for 5 SNPs (complement factor H, age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2, high temperature requirement factor A1, complement component 3, and toll-like receptor 3) that are known to have strong associations with the development of AMD.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“scar formation has been identified as one of the causes of visual acuity loss after treatment.9”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Cohen, 2012, Causes of unsuccessful ranibizumab treatment in exudative age-related macular degeneration in clinical settings, Retina source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After excluding patients with scar at baseline (n = 46) and those without gradable photographs at both 1 and 2 years because of death, missed visits, or poor photograph quality (n = 80), there were 1059 patients eligible for scar risk factor analysis”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results
plainn = 1,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Eyes that develop fibrosis after photodynamic therapy for CNV have poor vision outcomes.5”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Sivaprasad, 2006, Does lesion size determine the success rate of photodynamic therapy for age-related macular degeneration?, Eye (Lond) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that VEGF plays a diverse role in the wound repair process.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Stevens et al34 reported evidence suggesting that classic CNV increases the risk of development of fibrosis in AMD.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Stevens, 1997, Occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. A natural history study, Arch Ophthalmol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because scar formation is strongly associated with poor visual outcomes, investigation of potential treatments that reduce the formation of macular scar in AMD could prevent the loss of visual function.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A relatively small study that followed the natural history of RAP lesions for a mean duration of 20 months found subretinal fibrosis on FA and red-free photographs in 10 of 16 eyes (62%),38”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Viola, 2009, Retinal angiomatous proliferation: natural history and progression of visual loss, Retina source
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but a more recent study reported that only one third of the RAP lesions treated with three 0.5-mg intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and followed up for 3 years developed retinal scarring.39”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Rouvas, 2012, Long-term results of intravitreal ranibizumab, intravitreal ranibizumab with photodynamic therapy, and intravitreal triamcinolone with photodynamic therapy for the treatment of retinal angiomatous proliferation, Retina source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although further investigation is warranted, these data suggest that anti-VEGF treatment prevents scar formation from RAP lesions.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Scar that develops after radiotherapy for nvAMD has been described.6,7”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 2004, The Age-Related Macular Degeneration Radiotherapy Trial (AMDRT): one year results from a pilot study, Am J Ophthalmol source
- Supportedcites [7] Trikha, 2011, Ten-year follow-up of eyes treated with stereotactic fractionated external beam radiation for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Retina source
The Results (page not provided) report a disciform macular scar in 10 of 33 eyes (30%) at follow-up after radiotherapy for neovascular AMD. This supports the claim that scar formation after treatment has been described; it does not establish that radiation caused the scars. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Subretinal and retinal scarring are associated with profound vision loss and are natural outcomes of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD).1–4”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Jaffe, 2013, Macular morphology and visual acuity in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that eyes with foveal scar had the lowest mean visual acuity and that scar developed in 18.6% of eyes after 52 weeks of anti-VEGF treatment (page not available in our copy). The Discussion describes fibrosis as a treatment-emergent adverse effect associated with the greatest reduction in visual acuity. These passages support the vision-loss association, but do not establish scarring as a natural outcome of untreated neovascular AMD. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Bressler, 1988, Natural course of poorly defined choroidal neovascularization associated with macular degeneration, Arch Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Wong, 2008, The natural history and prognosis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis, Ophthalmology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Pauleikhoff, 2005, Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: natural history and treatment outcomes, Retina source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean thickness of the subretinal tissue complex at the foveal center was greatest (168 μm; standard error [SE], 8.7) for eyes with fibrotic scars, less (148 μm; SE, 14.5) for eyes with nonfibrotic scars, and least (119 μm; SE, 4.1) for eyes with no scar at the foveal center (P < 0.0001).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 1 year, scar developed in one third of the eyes treated with anti-VEGF drugs, and by 2 years, approximately half the eyes developed scar.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The type of CNV, as determined by FA at baseline, predicted scar formation. Scars were least likely to develop in eyes with occult CNV only. When occult CNV is admixed with the classic type, the risk doubles. The risk triples when the angiographic phenotype subset is composed predominantly of classic CNV.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater propensity for classic CNV to transform into a scar is illustrated in Figure 1C, where the minimally classic lesion’s small, centrally located classic CNV changes into a fibrotic scar in the CFP at 2 years, whereas the larger occult portion of the CNV lesion, although active, does not transform to a CFP-visible scar.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eyes with classic CNV and eyes with SHRM were at higher risk of both types of scar.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, among 926 patients who did not have a fibrotic scar in the fellow eye at baseline, fibrotic scar developed in 226 (24%), nonfibrotic scar developed in 201 (22%), and no scar developed in 499 (54%; P = 0.06).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plainn = 926- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a larger area of CNV was associated with increased risk of fibrotic scar, it was associated with decreased risk of nonfibrotic scar.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The type of anti-VEGF therapy and dosing regimen did not strongly influence scar development.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eyes with classic CNV and eyes with SHRM were at higher risk of both types of scar.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 2 years, among 133 patients with a scar in the fellow eye at baseline, 36 (27%) had a fibrotic scar, 17 (13%) had a nonfibrotic scar, and 80 (60%) had no scar in the study eye.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Results > Fibrotic Scars and Nonfibrotic Scars
plainn = 133- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CATT was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00593450).”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Methods > Enrollment and Follow-up of Subjects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“nearly all patients now receive treatment with intravitreal injections of drugs that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).8”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Curtis, 2012, Treatment patterns for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: analysis of 284 380 Medicare beneficiaries, Am J Ophthalmol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“P values for the genetic analysis were adjusted to control for the false discovery rate.14”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Methods > Statistical Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Benjamini, 1995, Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing, J R Stat Soc Series B (Methodol) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rarity of large fibrotic scars in CATT suggests that extensive fibrosis is aborted or delayed by anti-VEGF therapy.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This observation could be related to the relatively smaller RAP lesions or their common association with occult CNV, which forms fewer scars than classic CNV.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Bevacizumab is reported to have antifibrotic activity that reduces scar formation in glaucoma filtration surgery.29–31”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] O'Neill, 2010, Antifibrotic activity of bevacizumab on human Tenon's fibroblasts in vitro, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Li, 2009, Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor reduces scar formation after glaucoma filtration surgery, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Memarzadeh, 2009, Postoperative use of bevacizumab as an antifibrotic agent in glaucoma filtration surgery in the rabbit, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The blocked fluorescence could have been the result of deep sub-RPE hemorrhage or deep fibrosis not visible on color photographs.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a study that used fetal and adult wound-healing murine models, scar-free fetal wounds had lower VEGF levels and were less vascular than fibrotic fetal wounds, and the scar-free phenotype was converted to a scar-forming phenotype when exogenous VEGF was added.28 When VEGF was neutralized in adult wounds, vascularity was reduced, and scar formation was decreased.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28] Wilgus, 2000, Regulation of scar formation by vascular endothelial growth factor, Lab Invest
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The results showed that combination therapy more effectively than monotherapy improved visual acuity and better eliminated SHRM.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Dugal PU, Reichel E, Boyer DS, et al.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment decreases scar formation in purely occult lesions by confining the CNV to the sub-RPE space, thereby stopping progression to classic CNV.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that with a longer period of observation, subretinal fluid also could affect visual acuity through scar formation.”
§ Risk of Scar in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The factors associated with scarring after anti-VEGF therapy had not been described before this study.
“The factors associated with scarring after anti-VEGF therapy have not been described.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We had shown earlier that during the first two years of treatment of nAMD with anti-VEGF drugs, the risk factors present at baseline for developing a scar included predominantly classic type of CNV, blocked fluorescence, thicker retina, larger foveal subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid and subretinal hyperreflective material.16”
From Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
Citations
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · cited 1×
“P values for the genetic analysis were adjusted to control for the false discovery rate.(14) All data analyses were performed using SAS version 9.”
MethodRanibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Rosenfeld, P. J., Brown, D. M., Heier, J. S., Boyer, D. S., Kaiser, P. K., Chung, C. Y., & Kim, R. Y. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054481 · Cited by 5,886
Ranibizumab versus Verteporfin for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Brown, D. M., Kaiser, P. K., Michels, M., Soubrane, G., Heier, J. S., Kim, R. Y., Sy, J. P., & Schneider, S. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa062655 · Cited by 3,522
Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
(2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1102673 · Cited by 2,669 · cited 2×
“Patients were examined approximately every 28 days.(10) Stereoscopic CFP, FA, and OCT scans were obtained at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years.”
Age-related Macular Degeneration Histopathologic Studies
Green, W. R., & Enger, C. (1993) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31466-1 · Cited by 757
Age-related macular degeneration
Bressler, N. M., Bressler, S. B., & Fine, S. L. (1988) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0039-6257(88)90052-5 · Cited by 710
Self-citationThe Natural History and Prognosis of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Wong, T., Chakravarthy, U., Klein, R., Mitchell, P., Zlateva, G., Buggage, R., Fahrbach, K., Probst, C., & Sledge, I. (2008) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.008 · Cited by 601
ANCHOR STUDY GROUP. RANIBIZUMAB VERSUS VERTEPORFIN FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Brown, D., Kaiser, P. K., Michels, M., Soubrane, G., Heier, J. S., & Kim, R. Y. (2006) · Cited by 382
Kaiser, P. K., Brown, D. M., Zhang, K., Hudson, H. L., Holz, F. G., Shapiro, H., Schneider, S., & Acharya, N. R. (2007) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.08.012 · Cited by 361
NATURAL HISTORY OF SUBFOVEAL SUBRETINAL HEMORRHAGE IN AGERELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Avery, R. L., Fekrat, S., Hawkins, B. S., & Bressler, N. M. (1996) · Retina · doi:10.1097/00006982-199616030-00001 · Cited by 335 · cited 1×
“For example, in one retrospective study, progressive visual acuity loss occurred in 41 eyes of 40 patients with subfoveal subretinal hemorrhage that comprised more than 50% of the CNV lesion.(36) In that report, it was not clear whether the scar formation was directly a result of the more extensive hemorrhage.”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Solomon, S. D., Lindsley, K., Vedula, S. S., Krzystolik, M. G., & Hawkins, B. S. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005139.pub3 · Cited by 520
A paradigm shift in imaging biomarkers in neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Schmidt-Erfurth, U., & Waldstein, S. M. (2016) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.007 · Cited by 390
“Eyes without vitreomacular adhesion demonstrated less need for retreatment in a PRN protocol in CATT (Cuilla et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialMettu, P. S., Allingham, M. J., & Cousins, S. W. (2021) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100906 · Cited by 370
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Solomon, S. D., Lindsley, K. B., Vedula, S. S., Krzystolik, M. G., & Hawkins, B. S. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005139.pub4 · Cited by 280
Jaffe, G. J., Ying, G., Toth, C. A., Daniel, E., Grunwald, J. E., Martin, D. F., & Maguire, M. G. (2018) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.035 · Cited by 248
“Subretinal hyperreflective material components typically include CNV, fibrin, fibrosis, blood, and fibrotic scar.(10,11,14,15) It is likely that fibrotic scar is the main SHRM component in these eyes with late-stage antieVEGF-treated CNV lesions.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Daniel, E., Toth, C. A., Grunwald, J. E., Jaffe, G. J., Martin, D. F., Fine, S. L., Huang, J., Ying, G.-S., Hagstrom, S. A., Winter, K., & Maguire, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 656-666
- ISSN
- 0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3943618
- OpenAlex
- W2063028754
- Cited by
- 335
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 11.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Pfizer
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Heidelberg Engineering
- National Institutes of Health
- Genentech
- National Eye Institute (U10EY017825, U10EY017826, U10EY017823, U10EY017828)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal and Macular Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- scar formation, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, anti-VEGF therapy, choroidal neovascularization, fibrotic scar, risk factors, subretinal hyperreflective material, retinal pigment epithelium elevation, dosing regimen, color fundus photography
- MeSH terms
- Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Cicatrix, Female, Fibrosis, Fluorescein Angiography, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, Prospective Studies, Retina, Risk Factors, Visual Acuity, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Wet Macular Degeneration, Intravitreal Injections, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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