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Cited by 119Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal and Macular SurgeryRetinal Imaging and Analysis

Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials

Open access
Daniel, Ebenezer, Pan, Wei, Ying, Gui-shuang, Kim, Benjamin J., Grunwald, Juan E., Ferris, Frederick L., Jaffe, Glenn J., Toth, Cynthia A. +3 more·2018·Ophthalmology
DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.01.004PMC PMC6015772
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Abstract

Purpose To describe risk factors for scar formation and changes to fibrotic scar through 5 years in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). Design Multicenter, prospective cohort study. Participants A total of 1061 subjects in CATT. Methods Color photographic and fluorescein angiographic images from baseline and 1, 2, and 5 years were evaluated. Incidence of scar formation was estimated with Kaplan-Meier curves. Risk factors were assessed with Cox regression models. Main outcome measures Scar formation, fibrotic scar area, and macular atrophy associated with fibrotic scar ("atrophy"). Results Cumulative proportion of eyes with scar was 32%, 46%, and 56% at years 1, 2, and 5, respectively. Baseline factors associated with increased risk (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]) were classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (aHR, 4.49; 95% CI, 3.34-6.04) versus occult, hemorrhage >1 disc area (DA) (aHR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.49-3.47) versus no hemorrhage, retinal thickness >212 μm (aHR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.69-3.94) versus <120 μm, subretinal tissue complex thickness >275 μm (aHR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.81-3.84) versus ≤75 μm, subretinal fluid thickness >25 μm (aHR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.97-1.75) versus no fluid, visual acuity (VA) in fellow eye 20/20 (aHR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.25-2.36) versus 20/50 or worse, retinal pigment epithelium elevation absence (aHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21-2.41), and subretinal hyperreflective material (aHR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.25-2.36). Among 68 eyes that developed fibrotic scar at year 1, VA decreased by a mean of additional 13 letters between years 1 and 5. Mean scar area was 1.2, 1.2, and 1.9 DA at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Atrophy was present in 18%, 24%, and 54% of these eyes at years 1, 2, and 5, respectively; the mean areas were 1.6, 2.0, and 3.1 DA, respectively. Atrophy replaced fibrotic scar in 8 eyes at year 5. There was no significant correlation between scar growth and atrophy growth. The rate of growth for both was similar between the clinical trial and observation periods. Conclusions Several morphologic features, including classic CNV and large hemorrhage, are associated with scar formation. Rate of new scar formation declined after 2 years. Most fibrotic scars and accompanying macular atrophy expanded over time, reducing VA.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.01.004

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

23 of 39 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    During the first two years of anti-VEGF treatment for nAMD, baseline risk factors for scar included predominantly classic CNV, blocked fluorescence, thicker retina, larger foveal subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and subretinal hyperreflective material.

    “We had shown earlier that during the first two years of treatment of nAMD with anti-VEGF drugs, the risk factors present at baseline for developing a scar included predominantly classic type of CNV, blocked fluorescence, thicker retina, larger foveal subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid and subretinal hyperreflective material.16”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Daniel, 2014, Risk of scar in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials, Ophthalmology source
  • Premisecitation

    Scar and atrophy are the two most important morphological features affecting visual outcomes in untreated nAMD and in anti-VEGF-treated patients.

    “Scar and atrophy are the two most important morphological features that influence visual outcomes in untreated nAMD as well as in patients treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections.6,7”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Cohen, 2012, Causes of unsuccessful ranibizumab treatment in exudative age-related macular degeneration in clinical settings, Retina source
    • cites [7] Hogg, 2003, Identification of lesion components that influence visual function in age related macular degeneration, Br J Ophthalmol source

      The Discussion reports that fibrosis (scarring) and atrophy strongly influenced visual function, more than blood or exudate. But Subjects and Methods says the measurements were taken at baseline, when none of the patients had received interventional therapy to the presenting eye. This paper therefore does not support the claim about patients treated with anti-VEGF injections. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    In CATT, macular atrophy and foveal scar were previously reported as the two foremost morphological outcomes tied to poor visual acuity.

    “We have previously reported that both macular atrophy and foveal scar are the two foremost morphological outcomes associated with poor visual acuity in CATT.9”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Sharma, 2016, Macular morphology and visual acuity in the second year of the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT), Ophthalmology source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies foveal scar and foveal geographic atrophy among the features associated with the largest decreases in visual acuity in CATT. It also names several other features in that group, so it does not establish atrophy and scar as the two foremost outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Major anti-VEGF trials other than CATT did not enroll patients with neovascular AMD whose hemorrhage exceeded half of the total CNV lesion.

    “Other major anti-VEGF clinical trials excluded such patients.18,19,20”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Gragoudas, 2004, Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, N Engl J Med source

      The Study Design section says lesions containing blood were permitted up to a total size of 12 optic-disk areas, but it gives no limit on hemorrhage as a proportion of the lesion. Searches for hemorrhage, blood, and an exclusion threshold did not find a passage establishing that patients whose hemorrhage exceeded half the lesion were excluded. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [19] Rosenfeld, 2006, Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, N Engl J Med source
    • cites [20] Brown, 2006, Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, N Engl J Med source
  • Premisecitation

    At the end of the 2-year trial, eyes with large hemorrhages at enrollment had visual acuity similar to that of eyes without such hemorrhages.

    “The visual acuity in these eyes at the end of the 2-year clinical trial was similar to the eyes that did not have such large hemorrhages at enrollment.21”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Altaweel, 2015, Outcomes of eyes with lesions composed of >50% blood in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT), Ophthalmology source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7
  • May combine two claims. 22
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Director of Grading and the Reading Center Director stayed masked to subject identifiers and resolved reader disagreements.

    “The Director of Grading (CAT) and the Reading Center Director (GJJ) remained masked to subject identifiers and made final decisions on reader disagreements that remained controversial after arbitration.17”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] DeCroos, 2012, Optical coherence tomography grading reproducibility during the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology source

      The Materials and Methods section (Team Based Grading; page unavailable) says that findings still controversial after arbitration were forwarded to the Director of Grading for a final decision. It does not say that the Reading Center Director also made those decisions or that either director remained masked to subject identifiers; its masking statement concerns the initial readers. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Long-term follow-up of geographic atrophy after anti-VEGF therapy has been reported, but long-term follow-up of scars after anti-VEGF initiation has received little attention.

    “While long-term follow up of geographic atrophy after anti-VEGF therapy, more recently referred to as macular atrophy, has been described, long term follow-up of scars after the initiation of anti-VEGF therapy has not received much attention.10,11”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Tanaka, 2015, Vision-threatening lesions developing with longer-term follow-up after treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Ophthalmology source

      The Abstract reports geographic atrophy during at least 3.5 years of follow-up after anti-VEGF initiation and says that little information was available on sight-threatening conditions beyond 3.5 years. It does not specifically assess how much attention long-term scar follow-up had received; it reports five cases of atrophic disciform scars but does not establish the claim about the literature on scars. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [11] Grunwald, 2017, Incidence and growth of geographic atrophy during 5 years of Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology source

      The Introduction and Discussion describe five-year follow-up of geographic atrophy in participants treated with anti-VEGF therapy, supporting the first part of the sentence. The cited paper does not assess long-term scar follow-up or state that it has received little attention, so it does not support that part. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Large hemorrhages encourage scar formation and fibrin meshwork contraction, which can worsen vision by extending into nearby retinal areas.

    “large hemorrhages promote the formation of scar and fibrin meshwork contraction that can further reduce vision by involving adjacent areas of the retina.22-29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [22] Segall, 2016, Submacular hemorrhage in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a synthesis of the literature, Surv Ophthalmol source
    • cites [23] Glatt, 1982, Experimental subretinal hemorrhage in rabbits, Am J Ophthalmol source
    • cites [24] Toth, 1991, Fibrin directs early retinal damage after experimental subretinal hemorrhage, Arch Ophthalmol source
    • cites [25] Benner, 1994, Fibrinolytic-assisted removal of experimental subretinal hemorrhage within 7 days reduces outer retinal degeneration, Ophthalmology source
    • cites [26] Bressler, 2004, Surgery for hemorrhagic choroidal neovascular lesions of age-related macular degeneration: ophthalmic findings: SST report no. 13, Ophthalmology source

      The Conclusions report that residual neovascularization and associated fibrosis could remain visible after hemorrhage cleared and were associated with poor visual outcomes. They do not say that large hemorrhages cause fibrin meshwork contraction or that scarring worsens vision by extending into adjacent retinal areas. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [27] Grossniklaus, 2006, Clinicopathologic studies of eyes that were obtained postmortem from four patients who were enrolled in the submacular surgery trials: SST Report No. 16, Am J Ophthalmol source
    • cites [28] Toth, 1992, Ultramicrosurgical removal of subretinal hemorrhage in cats, Am J Ophthalmol source
    • cites [29] Bhisitkul, 2008, Neuroprotective effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide against photoreceptor apoptosis in a rabbit model of subretinal hemorrhage, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    At 2 years, scar was present in 44% of participants and in 38% of non-participants (p=0.10).

    “The percentage of participants with scar at 2 years was 44% and was 38% among non-participants (p=0.10).14”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] 2016, Five-year outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: The Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology source

      The Results > Patients section says Table 1 compares participants and non-participants at two years, but the passages available from our copy do not give their scar rates. A search for the 44% and 38% scar figures and p=0.10 found only a different scar measurement at the five-year follow-up (Results > Morphologic Outcomes from Fundus Photography and Angiography; page not provided). (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Non-participants were on average 2 years older, had visual acuity 5 letters worse at the end of the clinical trial, and had 2 fewer injections during the trial when assigned to as-needed treatment.

    “Non-participating patients were on average 2 years older, had visual acuity 5 letters worse by the end of the clinical trial, and had 2 fewer injections during the clinical trial when they had been assigned to treatment as needed.14”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] 2016, Five-year outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: The Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD is now standard care, supported by several multicenter randomized trials that generally showed good visual and morphological outcomes.

    “Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has become the standard of care based on the results of several multicenter, randomized clinical trials with generally good visual and morphological outcomes.1,2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Sarwar, 2016, Aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
    • cites [2] Solomon, 2014, Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sarks and colleagues reported expanding macular atrophy linked to fibrotic scars arising from nAMD.

    “Sarks et al. had described the expanding macular atrophy associated with fibrotic scars developing from nAMD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Sarks, 2006, Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars, Br J Ophthalmol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Sarks et al. study had limitations: it was retrospective and included only 20 eyes treated with various modalities.

    “but the study was limited by its retrospective nature with only a small number of eyes (n=20) that had undergone treatment with laser photocoagulation, radiotherapy, intravitreal triamcinolone injections, or combinations of these.31”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Sarks, 2006, Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars, Br J Ophthalmol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sarks et al. proposed that this atrophy expanded more rapidly in earlier follow-up periods.

    “They suggested that the expansion of such atrophy was faster during the earlier periods of follow up”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Sarks, 2006, Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars, Br J Ophthalmol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mean atrophy area was 1.6 disc areas at year 1, 2.0 at year 2, and 3.1 at year 5.

    “mean areas being 1.6, 2.0 and 3.1 DAs, respectively.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “The average size of atrophy increased from 1.6 DA at year 1 to 2.0 DA in year 2 and to 3.1 DA in year 5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pigmentation on fibrotic scars was observed in 13% of eyes at year 1, 22% at year 2, and 53% at year 5.

    “Pigmentation on the fibrotic scars was seen in 13% eyes at year 1, 22% at year 2 and in 53% eyes at year 5 (Figure 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Scar incidence was similar between the two drug groups and among the three dosing regimen groups.

    “Incidence of scar was distributed similarly between the two drug groups and among the three dosing regimen groups. (Table 1)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Across the CATT cohort, the estimated cumulative scar incidence was 32% by year 1, 46% by year 2, and 56% by year 5.

    “Cumulative proportion of eyes with scar was 32%, 46% and 56% at year 1, 2 and 5, respectively.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative rate of scar was 32.0% at 1 year, 46.3% at 2 years and 56.4% at 5 years (Figure 3).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “Approximately one-third of the CATT eyes developed retinal scar during the first year of treatment and an additional 10% developed scar during the second year of treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For these 68 eyes, mean visual acuity was 61 letters at 1 year, 63 letters at 2 years, and 49 letters at 5 years.

    “The mean VA (SD) of these eyes was 61 [≈ 20/63] (21) letters at 1 year, 63 [≈ 20/50] (18) letters at 2 years and 49 [≈ 20/100] (26) at year 5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Atrophy affected 18% of eyes with fibrotic scar at year 1, 24% at year 2, and 54% at year 5.

    “Atrophy was present in 18%, 24%, and 54% of these eyes at year 1, 2 and 5”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mean scar area was 1.2 disc areas at year 1, 1.2 at year 2, and 1.9 at year 5.

    “Mean scar area was 1.2, 1.2 and 1.9 DAs at 1, 2 and 5 years, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Images from all three follow-up visits (1, 2 and 5 years) were available for 474 subjects, and 68 (14.3%) developed fibrotic scar in the study eye at 1 year.

    “Photographic images at all three follow up visits (1, 2 and 5 years) were available for 474 subjects and 68 (14.3%) developed fibrotic scar in the study eye at 1 year.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    By 5 years, mean visual acuity in those same eyes had declined.

    “but was reduced at five years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Year-1 fibrotic scars often changed in size or were accompanied by atrophy and pigmentation; only 15% stayed stable over follow-up.

    “Fibrotic scars that developed at 1 year tended to change in size or be accompanied by atrophy and pigmentation with only 15% remaining stable throughout the follow-up period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Of the invited patients, 203 died, and 647 (71%) of the remaining 914 living patients took part in the follow-up study.

    “Among the invited patients, 203 had died by the time of Follow-up Study and among the remaining 914 living patients, 647 (71%) participated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Most fibrotic scars and the macular atrophy accompanying them grew over time, and this reduced visual acuity.

    “Most fibrotic scars and accompanying macular atrophy expanded over time, reducing visual acuity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    OCT scans were evaluated at the Duke University reading Center by a team of two independent readers and a senior reader.

    “Similarly OCT evaluation was performed at the Duke University reading Center where a reader team, composed of 2 independent readers and a senior reader, evaluated each scan.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study received IRB approval, all subjects gave written informed consent, it complied with HIPAA, and it was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00593450).

    “The study was approved by the Institutional review boards associated with each center and all subjects provided written informed consent. The study was compliant with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations. The CATT was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00593450).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each image set was graded independently by two trained non-physician Readers and the CATT fundus photographic Reading Center Director, all masked to demographic and clinical details.

    “Each image set was dual-Reader graded for the various morphological outcomes by trained non-physician Readers and the CATT fundus photographic Reading Center Director (ED), all of whom were masked to demographic and clinical details.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Grading discrepancies were adjudicated between the graders and the reading center director, and unresolved disagreements were reviewed by the principal investigator to produce a final consensus form.

    “Discrepancies were adjudicated between the graders and the director of the reading center and unresolved discrepancies were reviewed by the principal investigator (JEG) to complete a final consensus grading form.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The difference in scar size and visual acuity between the two intervals might be explained by the longer duration of the second period and by differing care during those periods.

    “the change due to difference in scar size and VA between the two periods could be attributed to a much longer time window in the second period and the difference in the type of care given during these two periods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In CATT eyes at 5 years, expanding fibrotic scar and atrophy appear to contribute to visual acuity loss, although they had little effect on acuity at year 2.

    “It appears as though the expanding fibrotic scar as well as atrophy contribute to the decrease in VA in CATT study eyes at 5 years even though they do not seem to substantially affect VA in year 2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
27 of 27

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Even with optimal adherence, anti-VEGFs' effectiveness can subside in nAMD patients, owing to underlying pathological changes occurring over time, leading to further vision loss.

    “Even with optimal adherence, anti-VEGFs’ effectiveness can subside in nAMD patients, owing to underlying pathological changes occurring over time, leading to further vision loss [71, 72].”

    From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [72]

    The Abstract Conclusions report that fibrotic scars and accompanying macular atrophy expanded over time, reducing visual acuity. The Discussion places the observed decline between years 2 and 5, after patients left the trial’s treatment protocol; it does not establish that anti-VEGF effectiveness subsided despite optimal adherence. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Fellow-eye visual acuity has conflicting hazard ratios

    Minor

    The abstract reports an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.72 for fellow-eye visual acuity of 20/20 versus 20/50 or worse, but the Results report 1.34 for the same comparison. The confidence intervals also differ.

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Authors
Daniel, E., Pan, W., Ying, G.-S., Kim, B. J., Grunwald, J. E., Ferris, F. L., Jaffe, G. J., Toth, C. A., Martin, D. F., Fine, S. L., & Maguire, M. G.
Affiliations
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • National Eye Institute (US)
  • Duke University (US)
  • Cleveland Clinic (US)
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
Corresponding author
Daniel, Ebenezer
ORCID
Venue
Ophthalmology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-07
Volume
125
Issue
7
Pages
1037-1046
ISSN
0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.01.004
PMC
PMC6015772
OpenAlex
W2788023813
Cited by
119
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
FWCI
8.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Eye Institute (U10EY017825, U10EY017826, R21EY023689, U10EY023530, P30EY001583)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal and Macular Surgery
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, fibrotic scar, macular atrophy, subretinal fluid, subretinal hemorrhage, subretinal hyperreflective material, retinal pigment epithelium elevation, anti-VEGF therapy, photodynamic therapy, long-term outcomes, visual acuity outcomes
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cicatrix, Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Fibrosis, Fluorescein Angiography, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Photography, Prospective Studies, Retina, Risk Factors, Visual Acuity, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Choroidal Neovascularization, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Geographic Atrophy, Intravitreal Injections, Subretinal Fluid

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