Fooled by the fakes: Cognitive differences in perceived claim accuracy and sharing intention of non-political deepfakes

Overall, deepfake detection does not seem to vary based on gender, education, income, or profession.

“Overall, deepfake detection does not seem to vary based on gender, education, income, or profession [7, 32, 37].”

Cognitive ability and analytical thinking are positively associated with detection accuracy.

“Cognitive ability and analytical thinking are positively associated with detection accuracy [32, 23].”

Other studies have found no relationship between deepfake detection and age.

“In contrast, other studies have found no relationship between detection and age [32, 33, 37].”

Providing warnings that a video might be faked is associated with increased accuracy ratings.

“Providing warnings that a video might be faked is associated with increased accuracy ratings [32].”

Political interest or partisanship has no association with deepfake detection performance across most studies.

“Overall, political interest and partisanship do not appear to have an impact on detection [23, 32].”

Higher cognitive ability is associated with better deepfake detection.

“At the person level, higher cognitive ability, analytical thinking skills, and the tendency not to accept information at face value are all associated with better deepfake detection [23, 32].”

The tendency not to accept information at face value is associated with better deepfake detection.

“At the person level, higher cognitive ability, analytical thinking skills, and the tendency not to accept information at face value are all associated with better deepfake detection [23, 32].”

Studies into the effects of ethnicity and age yield inconsistent results.

“while studies into the e ff ects of ethnicity and age yield inconsistent results [32, 37, 43].”

Interest in and knowledge of politics and political distrust demonstrate inconsistent effects on detection performance.

“Interest in and knowledge of politics and political distrust demonstrate inconsistent e ff ects on detection performance [23, 32], so too do intuition and emotional arousal [2, 27].”

Demographic factors such as gender, education, and income level appear to have no discernible effect on detection performance.

“Demographic factors such as gender, education, and income level appear to have no discernible e ff ect on detection performance [7, 32, 37, 42]”

Analytical thinking skills are associated with better deepfake detection.

“At the person level, higher cognitive ability, analytical thinking skills, and the tendency not to accept information at face value are all associated with better deepfake detection [23, 32].”