The DOI matches its Crossref record; 233 of the 233 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Animal models of major depression and their clinical implications
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a common, complex, and potentially life-threatening mental disorder that imposes a severe social and economic burden worldwide. Over the years, numerous animal models have been established to elucidate pathophysiology that underlies depression and to test novel antidepressant treatment strategies. Despite these substantial efforts, the animal models available currently are of limited utility for these purposes, probably because none of the models mimics this complex disorder fully. It is presumable that psychiatric illnesses, such as affective disorders, are related to the complexity of the human brain. Here, we summarize the animal models that are used most commonly for depression, and discuss their advantages and limitations. We discuss genetic models, including the recently developed optogenetic tools and the stress models, such as the social stress, chronic mild stress, learned helplessness, and early-life stress paradigms. Moreover, we summarize briefly the olfactory bulbectomy model, as well as models that are based on pharmacological manipulations and disruption of the circadian rhythm. Finally, we highlight common misinterpretations and often-neglected important issues in this field.
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“Chronically stressed rodents have reduced reward preference, as measured by a loss of preference for sucrose solutions and time spent interacting with a novel con-specific.”
From The molecular and cellular mechanisms of depression: a focus on reward circuitry (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Stressed animals also tend to spend less time struggling against inescapable stressors such as forced swimming or tail suspension.”
From The molecular and cellular mechanisms of depression: a focus on reward circuitry (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
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“Animal models of depression have also shown a reduction in the volume of some regions of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampal formation (Hains et al., 2009; Czeh et al., 2016) with decreases in the length and complexity of dendrites and reduced number of dendritic spines.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Czéh, B., Fuchs, E., Wiborg, O., & Simon, M.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- German Primate Center (DE)
- University of Pecs (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Czéh, Boldizsár
- Venue
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 64
- Pages
- 293-310
- ISSN
- 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978343268
- Semantic Scholar
- 0da6df41578259009c908495102e570eae27700e
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 233
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 22
- FWCI
- 20.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Hungarian Brain Research Program “B” (KTIA_NAP_13-2014-0019)
- Lundbeck Foundation (R83-A7631)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, animal models of depression, optogenetics, social stress, chronic mild stress, learned helplessness, early life stress, olfactory bulbectomy, circadian rhythm disruption, depression pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Humans
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